Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Carstensen, J & Andersen, TB 2026, 'Test-retest reliability of kicking performance assessments over a 2-day interval in elite youth soccer players', PeerJ, vol. 14, e20806, pp. e20806. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20806

Baastrup Soendergaard, M, Håkansson, KEJ, Hansen, S, Bjerrum, A-S , Schmid, JM, Johansson, SL, Rasmussen, LM, Johnsen, CR, Bonnesen, B, Vijdea, R, von Bülow, A, Krogh, NS, Hilberg, O, Ulrik, CS & Porsbjerg, C 2026, 'Tezepelumab in real-life practice: Characteristics of patients commenced and efficacy in a nationwide, Danish cohort of patients with severe asthma', The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2025.09.001

Wehmeyer, L, Baldermann, JC, Pogosyan, A, Rodriguez Plazas, F, Loehrer, PA, Bonetti, L, Yassine, S, zur Mühlen, K, Schüller, T, Kuhn, J, Visser-Vandewalle, V, Tan, H & Andrade, P 2026, 'Thalamo-frontal functional connectivity patterns in Tourette Syndrome: Insights from combined intracranial DBS and EEG recordings', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03220-9

Rosenkilde Laursen, K 2026, 'That cosy candle? It’s also polluting the air you’re breathing', The Conversation. https://doi.org/10.64628/AB.jx5fnkmrm

Meyer, MF, Mesman, JP, Barbosa, CC, Borrelli, JJ, Feldbauer, J, Harlan, ME, Hensley, RT, Kuyumcu, B, Ladwig, R, Oleksy, IA, Pilla, RM, Zwart, JA, Biddle, MM, Kinzel, PJ, Legleiter, CJ, Moore, TN, Murray, TW, Nkwalale, LGT, Overstreet, BT, Rumman, MH & Woelmer, WM 2026, 'The 2025 “Hacking Limnology” Workshop Series and DSOS Virtual Summit: A Half Decade of Data-Intensive Aquatic Science', Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 43-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.70017

Esteves, SC, De Jonge, CJ, Pacey, A & Vazquez-Levin, MH 2026, 'The 2025 WHO infertility guideline: value in focusing on clinical varicocele and recognizing gaps in male diagnosis and treatment', Human Reproduction, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 314-318. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaf251

Redican, E, O'Connor, M , Ladegaard, N & Louison Vang, M 2026, 'The Aarhus Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (A-PGDs): identification of a clinically validated cut-off score for identifying bereaved at risk of PGD', European Journal of Psychotraumatology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2633003. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2026.2633003

Dittrich, A , Andersson, SA , Winkel, E, Savage, AM, Blair, SJ, Dooling, KE, Wagner, AC, Whited, JL, Williams, C & Lauridsen, H 2026, 'The adrenal stress response involves distinct dynamics of both cortisol and corticosterone in the axolotl salamander', Lab Animal. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41684-026-01692-y

Hassing Nielsen, J & Mønster, D 2026, 'The affective style of politics: Evidence from cross-country surveys', Political Psychology, vol. 47, no. 1, e70094. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.70094

Koumaditis, K, Harder, P, Hestbæk, BS, Kadenic, MD & Frost-Frandsen, LL 2026, 'The Agile Coach Role Decoded: What Agile Coaches Deliver vs. What Team Members Experience', Journal of Software: Evolution and Process.

Phan, K, Galbany, L, Müller-Bravo, TE, Bose, S, Burns, CR, Stritzinger, MD , Sørensen, CTG, Ashall, C, Castander, FJ, Jiménez Palau, C, Johansson, J, Anderson, JP, Chambers, KC, Gromadzki, M, Pessi, PJ & Chen, TW 2026, 'The ANDICAM-SOFI Near-infrared and Optical type Ia Supernova (ASNOS) sample: Description and data release', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 706, A348. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556113

Collar, A & Kristensen, TM (ed.) 2026, The Archaeology of Roman Pilgrimage. Journal of Roman Archaeology.

Collar, A & Kristensen, TM 2026, 'The Archaeology of Roman Pilgrimage: The Road Less Traveled', Journal of Roman Archaeology.

Meilandt, C , Andersen, LW, Christensen, HC, Lindskou, TA, Folke, F, Steinmetz, J & Vallentin, MF 2026, 'The association between emergency medical service personnel's out-of-hospital cardiac arrest case volume and patient outcomes: a cohort study', Resuscitation, vol. 222, 111036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111036

Haenel, A, Jukema, RA, Khoo, JK, Coughlan, F, Blanke, P, Ferkh, A, Fairbairn, T, Ng, N, Koweek, LM, Douglas, P, Rabbat, M, Pontone, G, Chinnaiyan, KM, De Bruyne, B, Bax, J, Amano, T, Nieman, K, Rogers, C, Kitabata, H, Sand, NP, Kawasaki, T, Mullen, S, Huey, W, Matsuo, H, Patel, M, Nørgaard, BL, Leipsic, JA, Tzimas, G & ADVANCE Investigators 2026, 'The association of risk factors on coronary computed tomography angiography derived atherosclerotic plaque volume - Lessons from the ADVANCE registry', Atherosclerosis, vol. 413, 120515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2025.120515

Verkhatsky, A, Hansen, LMB , Staehr, C & Matchkov, V 2026, 'The astrocytic engine: Na+,K+-ATPase at the nexus of brain function and malfunction', American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. C238 - C251. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00814.2025

Toldbod, TF & Laursen, LN 2026, 'The asymmetric impact of management controls at the front end of open innovation: a case studyof Unilever', Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, pp. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRAM-02-2025-0048

Babai, N, Duvall, E, Iivari, N, Kinnula, M & Iversen, OS 2026, Theatre of the Tech-Oppressed: Exploring algorithmic injustice through participatory performances. in Participatory Design Conference. Association for Computing Machinery.

AF-COMET Collaborative Group 2026, 'The 'Atrial Fibrillation Better Care' Pathway for Integrated Care of Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Thrombosis and Haemostasis. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2787-0186

Frandsen, F & Johansen, W 2026, The battle between voices in the rhetorical arena of social media crises. in D Koerber (ed.), The Culture of the Social Media Crisis: Causes, Impact, Consequences. University of Toronto Press.

ten Damme, L, Stettler, M, de Lima, RP & Keller, T 2026, 'The benefit of using access materials for soil stress reduction depends on the material's properties and vehicle mean ground pressure', Journal of Terramechanics, vol. 121, 101097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jterra.2025.101097

Sindlev, MB, Balmonte, JP, Wenzhöfer, F, Xiao, W, Stief, P, Oguri, K, Tsuchiya, M, Yokoyama, Y, Rudra, A, Canfield, DE, Sanei, H, Brandt, A & Glud, RN 2026, 'The benthic environment of the Aleutian Trench region: Sediment provenance, organic carbon sources and deposition dynamics', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 241, 103627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2025.103627

Vandsø, A 2026, The Botanical Grotesque: Interspecies Care, Power, and Vegetal mythologies in Contemporary Art. in E Erlanson, J Wamberg & N Skiveren (eds), Grotesque Anthropocene : Disfigured Environments Across Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Palgrave Studies in Intermediality. <https://link.springer.com/series/17132>

Allinger, TL 2026, 'The Boundaries of Democracy: Institutions, Representation, and Violence Against Minorities', PhD, Aarhus University.

Jelsig, AM, Boelman, MB, Birkedal, U, Hübertz, J, Al-Zehawi, L, Lautrup, C, Karstensen, JG & van Overeem Hansen, T 2026, 'The c.1744G > C, p.(Glu582Gln) missense variant in coding exon 14 of APC increases skipping of a natural occurring isoform and causes Familial Adenomatous Polyposis', Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology, vol. 152, no. 1, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-025-06357-w

Nielsen, MF, Agergaard, J , Margolinsky, RV , Kibsgaard, L , Holm, M , Hvass, AM & Wejse, C 2026, 'The Cascade of Care for Infectious Diseases in Newly Arrived Refugees', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 23, no. 2, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23020229

Bruun, H 2026, 'The challenges to the external television production industry in small markets in the context of an online public service media trajectory', ECREA 2026: Shifting Grounds, Brno, Czech Republic, 08/09/2026 - 11/09/2026.

Hou, Y, Zou, D, Chu, Q, Zhan, B, Wang, R, Guan, D, Wang, W, Feng, X, Li, X, Zhu, X , Bai, Z, Gao, Y, Yin, H, Xu, T, Yuan, Z, Hu, X, Yang, N, Zhou, H, Fang, L & Zhang, Z 2026, 'The ChickenGTEx portal: a pan-tissue catalogue of regulatory variants shaping transcriptomic and phenotypic diversity', Nucleic Acids Research, vol. 54, no. D1, pp. D982-D993. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaf731

Venhovens, MJH & Arjevanidze, N 2026, 'The Chronicity of Crisis: The Complex Entanglement of Prolonged Internal Displacement in Georgia', Population, Space and Place, vol. 32, no. 2, e70243. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.70243

the KPTN Consortium 2026, 'The Clinical Spectrum and Neurodevelopmental Pathogenesis of KPTN-Related Disorder in a Mouse Model', Annals of Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.78159

Klingenberg, S , Skydt Lindgren, M , Jakobsen, JK , Jensen, JB & Kingo, PS 2026, 'The COBRA study: Chemoablation or bladder resection with adjuvant chemotherapy in recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer', EAU26: 41st Annual EAU Congress, London, United Kingdom, 12/03/2026 - 16/03/2026.

Triebel, S, Brennecke, J & Weber, C 2026, 'The coevolution of board interlock networks and corporate strategic actions', Strategic Management Journal, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 974-1008. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.70036

Campisi, D, Balucani, N & Rosi, M 2026, 'The competition between ortho and ipso attacks in the reactions of O(3P) with functionalized monocyclic aromatic compounds', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 885, 142592, pp. 142592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2025.142592

Zak, DH, Jurasinski, G, Christiansen, JR, Liebner, S, Petersen, RJ , Audet, J, Vroom, R & Hermansen, N 2026, 'The complexity of carbon cycling in peatlands: a biogeochemical perspective', EGU26 General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 03/05/2026 - 08/05/2026. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu26-17613

Shi, Z, Møldrup, L, Mathur, U & Pavlogiannis, A 2026, 'The Complexity of Testing Message-Passing Concurrency', Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages , vol. 10, pp. 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3776643

Heřmánková, P & Horster, M (ed.) 2026, The Construction and Use of Prosopographical Databases. in M Horster, R Flower, F Hurlet & RW Mathisen (eds), Brill's Companions to Classical Studies. Brill, Leiden, Brill's Companions in Classical Studies, pp. 114-129. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004748613_009

Madsen, M 2026, The Contact Hour and the Work Hour: Time as an Indicator in University Management. in R Laursen & M Madsen (eds), Education and the Politics of Time: Temporal Governance in Teaching and Learning. Springer Science+Business Media, Educational Governance Research, vol. 26, pp. 139-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09590-9_8

Mikkelsen, MB , Randa, H , O’Toole, MS , Lyby, MS & Mehlsen, MY 2026, 'The Context Matters: Longitudinal Effects of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Across Life Transitions in Men Experiencing Cancer Diagnosis, Retirement, and First-Time Fatherhood', Behavioral Sciences, vol. 16, no. 2, 193. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16020193

Cort, PS 2026, The Continuous Emergence of the Copenhagen Process—Policy Transfer in EU VET Policy: From modularising to dual apprenticeship, from the knowledge economy to production and green economies. in The Palgrave Handbook of Policy Transfer in Vocational Education and Beyond. pp. 137-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-99617-7_7

Gossmann, A, Bahram, M, Ranius, T & Runnel, K 2026, 'The contribution of wood-inhabiting fungi and bacteria to dead wood decomposition varies along a regional climatic gradient', Functional Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.70257

Mygind-Klavsen, B , Lange, J , Lund, B , Kocemba, DIR, Kraemer, O, Mechlenburg, I , Lind, M, Hölmich, P & Kierkegaard-Brøchner, S 2026, 'The conversion rate to total hip arthroplasty after hip arthroscopy in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome is 8% and is affected by older age, cam morphology and osteoarthritis', Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 1035-1045. https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.70302

Kirkegaard, TH 2026, 'The Course of the Brook: Rethinking Schenkerian and Riemannian Perspectives on Organicism in Nielsen's Music', Carl Nielsen Studies, vol. 7.

Villeneuve, PJ, Aschengrau, A, Bell, ML, Cao, Y, Elwood, M, Eslick, G, Harris, S, Kheifets, L, Khoshnood, B, Norman, R, Pace, N, Reutfors, J, Schraw, JM, Suarez-Lopez, JR, Toft, G, Wilson, RD, Kirman, CR, Carneal, T & Hays, SM 2026, 'The Creation of a Weight of Evidence Scoring Database for Risk Factors for Adverse Impacts to Birth Outcomes Using Expert Elicitation', Birth Defects Research, vol. 118, no. 1, e70011. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.70011

Brimnes, N 2026, 'The Curious Absence of Caste in Benjamin Schultze's Tract 'The large and Renowned Town'', Hallesche Forschungen, vol. 73, pp. 243-58.

Gorbahn, K 2026, The Danish A-level history exam (stx). in G Peter, G Lindsay, VN Karel & J Wojdon (eds), Putting History to the Test: History Exams Around the World. Wochenschau-Verlag.

Taber, A, Flyckt, RNH, Henriksen, MHB, Innos, K, Nystad, W, Kjerpeseth, LJ, Sandgren, BL, Varnum, C, Pedersen, MRV, Johansen, C, Hansen, TF & Brasen, CL 2026, 'The Danish Chronic Disease Cohort: using digital footprints to identify chronic disease patterns', European Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-025-01354-2

Hansen, BB, Haddock, B, Jørgensen, NR, Vestergaard, P, Wiil, UK, Folkestad, L, Möller, S, Fuggle, N, Langdahl, B, Rubin, KH & Abrahamsen, B 2026, 'The Danish Nationwide osteoporosis cohort trials environment (NOCTE) – a DXA dataset for the 1900-1960 birth cohort', Journal of Clinical Densitometry, vol. 29, no. 1, 101653. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2025.101653

Bentsen, P, Melby, PS, Nielsen, G, Kurtzhals, M, Amholt, TT , Ryom, K, Grinderslev, N & Elsborg, P 2026, The Danish Physical Literacy Ecosystem. in Routledge Handbook of Physical Literacy. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032703466

Nielsen, TG , Lind, M , de Thurah, A & Kristensen, PK 2026, 'The Danish version of the anterior knee pain scale (Kujala-DK): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation in patients with patellar instability', Disability and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2026.2636403

Bendixen, T & Purzycki, BG 2026, The Data Analyst’s Guide to Cause and Effect: An Introduction to Applied Causal Inference. Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, vol. 201, SAGE Publications, London.

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