Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Kristensen, LQ , Eiskjær, H , van Tulder, M, Wæhrens, EE, Højberg, CK, Sørensen, L, Eastwood, G & Oestergaard, LG 2025, 'Challenges in activities of daily living in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survivors from hospital discharge to everyday life: a prospective cohort study', American Heart Journal, vol. 290, pp. 69-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2025.06.006

Masson-Lecomte, A, Grisay, G, Damme, JV, Achard, V, Mertens, LS, Boellaard, TN, D'Haese, D, Fournier, B, Govaerts, AS, Huddart, R, Soria, F, Dyrskjøt, L, Allory, Y, Pecoraro, M, Litiere, S, Tombal, B, Panebianco, V & Loriot, Y 2025, 'Challenges in Defining Clinical Complete Response to Systemic Therapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Insights from the EORTC STARBURST Project', European Urology Oncology, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 603-607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2025.03.005

Kallio, N, Andersen, JH, Carstensen, J, Gissi , E, Halpern, BS, Hammar, L, Murray, C, Stelzenmüller, V, Stock, A & Korpinen, S 2025, 'Challenges in expert ratings of marine habitat and species sensitivity to anthropogenic pressures', Scientific Reports, vol. 15, no. 1, 12546. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-96913-8

Uka, V & Abdallah, MF 2025, 'Challenges in mycotoxin monitoring in recently independent countries: The case of Kosovo', Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 148, 108465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2025.108465

Zamora Luria, JC , Asif, MR , Meldgaard Madsen, L & Grombacher, D 2025, 'Challenges with starting models, correlation and convergence for inversion of IP-affected TEM data: examples from African countries', Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo-2025-0285

Stancu, CM , Aschemann-Witzel, J , Grønhøj, A & Mulders, MDGH 2025, 'Challenge your customer: How businesses may trigger change in perceived barriers, capability, and consumption', Appetite, vol. 206, 107829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107829

Sharma, V, Wani, AS, Marée, R, Becker, C, Schuler, DC, Marathe, A, Kumar, N, Qiao, H, Jensen, RH & Tuli, A 2025, 'Challenging the Growth Narrative in and Through HCI', XRDS: Crossroads, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3744691

Kjaerulff, J 2025, Change and the Internet: An Ethnographic Exploration of Remote Working. Taylor and Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003403050

Kleefstra, R, Bregnballe, T, Frikke, J, Behm, K, Günther, K, Hälterlein, B, Hansen, MB, Hornman, M, Meyer, J & Scheiffarth, G 2025, Change in migrating and wintering waterbirds in the Wadden Sea. in M van Roomen, J Reneerkens, G Citegetse, O Crowe, K Gueye, T Langendoen, T Dodman, K Meise & H Schekkerman (eds), East Atlantic Flyway Assessment 2023: The status of coastal waterbird populations and their sites. pp. 55-65. <https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15355685>

TransformCF Study Group 2025, 'Change in pulmonary pathogens 3 years after elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor: an observational study in the Danish cystic fibrosis cohort', Clinical Microbiology and Infection, vol. 31, no. 12, pp. 2011-2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2025.08.012

Hansen, SB, Dreyer, AF, Jørgensen, NT, Al-Jorani, H, Bislev, LS, Boesen, VB, Borresen, SW, Christensen, LL, Glintborg, D, Hauge, EM, Hetland, ML, Jensen, RC, Just, SA, Keller, KK, Klose, M, Laugesen, K, Locht, H, Lund, ML, Stankovic, J, Stewart, PM, Tei, RMH, Voss, A, Feldt-Rasmussen, U, Jørgensen, JOL & Andersen, MS 2025, 'Changes in Adrenal Function and Insufficiency Symptoms After Cessation of Prednisolone', JAMA Network Open, vol. 8, no. 3, e251029, pp. e251029. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.1029

Mackowiak, A, Bouquegneau, A, Dubois, B, Grifnée, E, Demeuse, J, Le Goff, C, Loberg Haarhaus, M, Magnusson, P, Jørgensen, HS, Evenepoel, P, Delanaye, P & Cavalier, E 2025, 'Changes in Bone Turnover Markers Associated With a Single Dialysis Session', Artificial Organs, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 1588-1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.15053

Thøgersen, RR, Winther Voldby , V, Therkildsen, M , Young, JF & Rasmussen, MK 2025, 'Changes in bovine satellite cell culture media over time elucidated by 1H NMR spectroscopy', International Scientific Conference on Cultured Meat 2025, Maastricht , Netherlands, 09/11/2025 - 11/11/2025.

Sørum, ME, Boulund, U, De Pietri, S, Weischendorff, S, Enevold, C, Rathe, M, Als-Nielsen, B, Hasle, H, Pamp, SJ, Stokholm, J & Müller, K 2025, 'Changes in gut microbiota predict neutropenia after induction treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia', Blood Advances, vol. 9, no. 7, pp. 1508-1521. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2024013986

Gökdağ, K, Pekmez, T, Akca, G, Korkmaz, M, Pacheco, JP, Başaran Kankılıç, G, Dede, C, Özkan, K, Beklioğlu, M, Jeppesen, E, Akyürek, Z & Tavşanoğlu, ÜN 2025, 'Changes in microplastic-associated bacterial communities along a salinity gradient in Central Anatolian lakes of Türkiye', Hydrobiologia, vol. 852, no. 16, pp. 3977-3995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-025-05844-y

Mechlenburg, I , Tønning, LU, Ørholst, R, Iversen, C, Lindberg, K & Kristensen, MT 2025, 'Changes in mobility after community-based prosthesis fitting and rehabilitation in people with major lower limb amputations: a cohort study', Clinical Rehabilitation, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 967-975. https://doi.org/10.1177/02692155251336566

Jul Jarbæk Nielsen, J , Levison, L & Andersen, H 2025, 'Changes in Myasthenia Gravis Incidence in Denmark from 1985 to 2021: A Nationwide Population-Based Study', Neurology, vol. 104, no. 1, e210139. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000210139

Anglada-Ortiz, G, Rasmussen, TL, Chierici, M, Fransson, A, Ziveri, P, Thomsen, E, Zamelczyk, K, Meilland, J, Ezat, MM & Garcia-Orellana, J 2025, 'Changes in Planktic Foraminiferal Distribution, Productivity, and Preservation in the Barents Sea During the Last Three Millennia', Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, vol. 40, no. 4, e2024PA004989. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024PA004989

Pedersen, OB , Nissen, PH, Pasalic, L, Hvas, A-M , Kristensen, SD & Grove, EL 2025, 'Changes in platelet maturity and reactivity following acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction', Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 9, no. 1, 102652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpth.2024.102652

Lousdal, ML, LaBianca, S, Agerbo, E , Albiñana, C , Vilhjálmsson, BJ , McGrath, JJ, Schork, AJ & Plana-Ripoll, O 2025, 'Changes in polygenic burden for psychiatric disorders across two decades of birth cohorts', Nature Mental Health, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 1037-1045. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-025-00478-4

Isaksen, AA , Schaarup, JR , Bjerg, L & Hulman, A 2025, 'Changes in public perception of artificial intelligence in healthcare after exposure to ChatGPT', npj Digital Medicine, vol. 8, no. 1, 795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02169-x

Gribsholt, SB , Madsen, LR, Poulsen, IM, Bruun, JM & Richelsen, B 2025, 'Changes in Symptoms and General Well-being After Reversal of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Questionnaire Survey', Obesity Surgery, vol. 35, no. 1, e1003206, pp. 33-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-024-07321-2

Tokumoto, A, Jindai, K, Nakaya, T, Saito, M, Sabel, CE & Oshitani, H 2025, 'Changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of COVID-19 in Japan from 2020 through 2023', Journal of Infection and Public Health, vol. 18, no. 5, 102704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102704

Damoah, A, Sanful, P, Davidson, TA, Trolle, D, Nielsen, A, Shatwell, T & Boehrer, B 2025, 'Changes in the stratification and mixing patterns of Lake Bosumtwi due to climate warming', Fundamental and Applied Limnology, vol. 197, no. 4, pp. 293-310. https://doi.org/10.1127/fal/1527

Wright, S 2025, 'Changes in university ‘autonomy’ with successive visions of Denmark’s future', Higher Education, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 331-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-024-01224-y

Jensen, PM 2025, Changes to Media Content for Young People in Scandinavia since 2015: How to understand the internationalisation and digitalisation of children’s TV and film in a Nordic context. <https://nordics.info/nnl/show/artikel/changes-to-media-content-for-young-people-in-scandinavia-since-2015?fbclid=IwY2xjawIze8VleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHfirys0ZJOy9smMGgJ63BoErk8BrYe3hhQHrmuiOjE2_-3QiXabmcl3JkQ_aem_VJJMit8uOk71L7GcjnARTQ>

GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators 2025, 'Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021', The Lancet Public Health, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. e172-e188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X

Maier, CD 2025, 'Changing the culture of doomscrolling', Paper presented at 10th International Conference on Communication & Media Studies , Paris, France, 11/09/2025 - 12/09/2025.

Petersen, AK 2025, Changing the Mind of the Unlearned and the Ill Taught: Cognitive and Evolutionary Perspectives on Augustine's De cathecizandis rudibus and De utilitate credendi. in A Novokhatko, F Schaffenrath, S Tilg, A Rengakos & S Frangoulidis (eds), Cognitive Theories and Later Latin: Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Early Modern Period. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York, Trends in Classics.

Jensen, MB 2025, 'Characterisation and clinical application of silicone-based 3D radiochromic dosimetry in combined magnetic resonance imaging and linear accelerators', PhD, Aarhus University.

Mensi, I, Zarrougui, NE, Ben Slimane, R, Jabnoun-Khiareddine, H & Daami-Remadi, M 2025, 'Characterisation of emergent Tunisian isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato the causal agent of bacterial speck disease of tomato', Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 129-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2025.2466239

Nørgaard, M , Stenkjær, L & Koefoed-Nielsen, P 2025, 'Characterisation of the Novel HLA-DPA1*01:238Q Allele by Two Different Sequencing Techniques', HLA, vol. 106, no. 2, e70365. https://doi.org/10.1111/tan.70365

D’Arenzo, G, Rigo, P, Nicolussi, V, Pozza, L & Casagrande, D 2025, 'Characterisation of the rigid diaphragm conditions for cross laminated timber floors', Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 23, no. 4, 111560, pp. 1759-1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-024-02025-5

GBD 2019 Acute and Chronic Care Collaborators 2025, 'Characterising acute and chronic care needs: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019', Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, 4235. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56910-x

Laursen, CH , Nielsen, TB , Leth, S, Schiøttz-Christensen, B, Nielsen, CV , Langagergaard, V , Sørensen, L , Sørensen, D & Oestergaard, LG 2025, 'Characterising disability in patients with long COVID - does gender matter? an analytic cross-sectional study', BMC Public Health, vol. 25, no. 1, 3744. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24895-3

Herlin, MK , Kjeldsen, E, Abrahamsson, J, Arad-Cohen, N, Cheuk, D, De Moerloose, B, Jahnukainen, K, Jónsson, ÓG, Kaspers, GJL, Kovalova, Z, Navarro, JMF, Noren-Nyström, U, Palle, J, Pasaulienė, R, Saks, K, Zeller, B, Holmfeldt, L, Hasle, H & Juul-Dam, KL 2025, 'Characteristics and prognosis of paediatric normal karyotype acute myeloid leukaemia: A NOPHO-DBH AML study', British Journal of Haematology, vol. 207, no. 4, pp. 1454-1463. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.70094

Sorbye, H, Hjortland, GO, Vestermark, LW, Ladekarl, M, Svensson, J, Sundlöv, A, Janson, ET, Garresori, H, Hofsli, E, Kersten, C, Elvebakken, H, Pfeiffer, P, Morken, S, Assmus, J, Lothe, IMB, Tabaksblat, E, Knigge, U, Couvelard, A, Perren, A & Langer, SW 2025, 'Characteristics and treatment outcome in a prospective cohort of 639 advanced high-grade digestive neuroendocrine neoplasms (NET G3 and NEC). The NORDIC NEC 2 study: Clinical Studies', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 133, no. 3, e13249, pp. 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03054-w

Ryu, H, Buus, N, Naccarella, L, Gonge, H, Prematunga, R & Hamilton, B 2025, 'Characteristics of Clinical Supervision for Mental Health Nurses: A Survey Study Using the MCSS-26', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 2817-2829. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.17480

Szentpetery, A, Glerup, M, Aalto, K, Arnstad, ED, Fasth, A, Herlin, T, Myrup, C, Nordal, E, Peltoniemi, S, Rygg, M, Gjertsen Rypdal, V & Berntson, L 2025, 'Characteristics That Predict Psoriatic Arthritis by the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 18 Years After Disease Onset', ACR Open Rheumatology, vol. 7, no. 1, e11758. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.11758

Nielsen-Kudsk, JE, Schmidt, B, Windecker, S, Shah, N, Gray, W, Ellis, CR, Koulogiannis, K, Anderson, JA, Gage, R & Lakkireddy, D 2025, 'Characterization and Clinical Outcomes of High-Risk Device-Related Thrombus in the Amulet IDE Trial', JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1543-1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2025.02.016

Zhang, Y , Pelosin, P , Catalano, J & Corredig, M 2025, 'Characterization of a low-phytate pea protein isolate obtained by electroacidification, and comparison with conventional pea protein extracts', Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, vol. 105, 104172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2025.104172

Maia Neto, F & Skibsted, J 2025, 'Characterization of aqueous carbonated cement-based materials by multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy', Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1191-1206. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2025.2495142

Amarasinghe, Y , Bandaru, N , Sah, D , Samarakkody, G , Davidsen, RS & Klarskov, P 2025, Characterization of Black Silicon Using Effective Medium Theory and Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. in 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz 2025. IEEE Computer Society Press, International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz, 50th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves, IRMMW-THz 2025, Espoo, Finland, 17/08/2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRMMW-THz61557.2025.11319984

Reinhardt, D, Hoffmeister, LM, Schneider, M, Klusmann, J-H, Ostermann, L, Ziedrich, T, Juul-Dam, KL, von Neuhoff, N, Augsburg, C, Kondryn, D, Katerkamp, C, Meerkamp, S, Niktoreh, N, Antoniou, E, Kerp, H, Majstrowicz, K & Waack, K 2025, 'Characterization of children and adolescents with Acute Myeloid Leukemia potentially treatable with menin inhibitors', Blood, vol. 146, no. Suppl. 1, 5174. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2025-5174

Li, M, Rodriguez, HAV, Nielsen, SDH, Morawska, LP, Bjørnshave, A, Sangild, PT, Poulsen, NA & Larsen, LB 2025, 'Characterization of different types of micellar casein isolates and comparison of their enzymatic coagulation behavior by chymosin and pepsin', Food Research International, vol. 221, 117382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117382

Shyrokova, L, Egorov, AA, Cole, A, Duque-Pedraza, JJ, Tyagi, A, Ernits, K, Mets, T, Kurata, T, Juozapaitis, J, Yang, ALJ, Ibarra Chavez, R, Graversgaard Henriksen, FO, Lassen, S, Atkinson, GC, Hauryliuk, V & Johansson, MJO 2025, 'Characterization of five environmental phages infecting Escherichia coli K-12 isolated during a phage biology training course.', Microbiology Spectrum, vol. 13, no. 12, e0227425, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02274-25

Yang, J, Stroh, A, Bagheri, S, Frohnapfel, B & Forooghi, P 2025, 'Characterization of hydrodynamic and thermal properties of anisotropic irregular roughness', International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 116, 109888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2025.109888

Bjerre-Christensen, N, Eriksen, CB, Sylvester-Hvid, KO & Ravnsbæk, DB 2025, 'Characterization of Industrial Black Mass from End-of-Life LiFePO₄-Graphite Batteries', Batteries, vol. 11, no. 6, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11060210

Polat, M, Bo, S, Lovén, K, Hagvall, L, Hedmer, M, Malmberg, V, Pagels, J, Johnson, MS & Nøjgaard, JNK 2025, 'Characterization of particulate emissions during asphalt milling and paving in Southern Sweden.', European Aerosol Conference, Lecce, Italy, 31/08/2025 - 08/09/2025.

Polat, M, Rex, J, Strandberg, B, Nøjgaard, JNK, Lóven, K, Hagvall, L, Hedmer, M, Johnson, MS & Pagels, J 2025, 'Characterization of Particulate emissions during Asphalt Milling and Paving in Southern Sweden'. <https://projects.au.dk/nosa/nosa-symposia/nosa-2025-aarhus>

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