Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Liu, P, An, B, Zheng, J, Wang, Q, Yang, Z, Li, Z, Liu, D, Ying, F, Wen, J, Fang, L & Zhao, G 2026, 'Integrative Omics Defines Metabolic Biomarkers and Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms of Mortality Risk', Advanced Science, vol. 13, no. 3, e14464. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202514464

Larsen, L 2026, 'Intelligent sundhed', Bibliotek for Læger, vol. 218, no. 1, pp. 76-85.

Bahram, M, Lehtovirta-Morley, L, Mikryukov, V, Sveen, TR, Grant, A, Pent, M, Hildebrand, F, Labouyrie, M, Köninger, J, Tedersoo, L, Jones, A, Panagos, P & Orgiazzi, A 2026, 'Intensive land use enhances soil ammonia-oxidising archaea at a continental scale', Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 213, 110024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2025.110024

Miramontes, E, Wienberg, C, Schwenk, T, Mohn, C, Lagunova, N, Wang, L, Wintersteller, P, Titschack, J, Oki, V, Hanz, U, Mienis, F, Köper, S, Walter, M & Hebbeln, D 2026, 'Interaction of internal waves with the seafloor on the Namibian shelf (SE Atlantic Ocean): Implications for seafloor geomorphology', Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 51, no. 3, e70268. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70268

Li, SX, Imamura, F, Sharp, SJ, Schulze, MB, Zheng, JS, Amiano, P, Ardanaz, E, Bergmann, MM, Chirlaque, MD, Fagherazzi, G, Franks, PW, Grioni, S, Ibsen, DB, Jakszyn, P, Johansson, I, Katzke, VA, Laouali, N, Mancini, FR, Overvad, OK, Palli, D, Panico, S, Redondo-Sánchez, D, Ricceri, F, Rolandsson, O, Srour, B, Tjønneland, A, Tong, TYN, van der Schouw, YT, Riboli, E, Langenberg, C, Forouhi, NG & Wareham, NJ 2026, 'Interactions between genetic predisposition to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes risk, and food or beverage intake for incident type 2 diabetes: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) InterAct case–cohort study', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 123, no. 3, 101198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101198

Zhen, H, Zhu, L, Hao, X, Lu, J, Guo, Y, Liang, C, Tong, J, Tao, F, Li, J & Huang, K 2026, 'Interactive effect of children's copper exposure and socioeconomic status on preschoolers’ cognitive development', NeuroToxicology, vol. 112, 103377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2025.103377

Fang, F , Franco, M , Gallego-Lobillo, P , Spotti, MJ , Bechtner, JD & Martinez, MM 2026, 'Interactive effects of free and cell wall-bound polyphenols on starch pasting, retrogradation, gelation and digestibility', Food Hydrocolloids, vol. 175, 112457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2026.112457

Borup, J 2026, 'Interbeing, Buddha-nature and contemporary environmentalism: Buddhist perspectives on nature and ecology', Theology and Science.

From, TN, Lobban, M, Terkelsen, VB, Visagie, J, Partoon, B, Wismann, ST, Rosseau, LRS, Bentien, A & Mortensen, PM 2026, 'Interchangeable biogas and CO₂ valorization through electrified syngas manufacturing for synthetic fuel production', Journal of CO2 Utilization, vol. 105, 103331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2026.103331

Quinteros, S, Dyvik, R, Peikli, I, Silva, DCA, Seiphoori, A, Westgate, Z, Kidane, M, Zepilli, D, Sørensen, KK, Song, S, Uday, A, Cudmani, R, Gebremeskel, BM, Stutz, HH, Franco, A & Chen, Z 2026, 'Interface Friction Angle from Ring Shear Tests on Sand: A Round Robin', Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, vol. 152, no. 6, 04026024. https://doi.org/10.1061/JGGEFK.GTENG-13628

Pan, Q, Yang, L, Wang, H, Liu, H, Shu, Y, Li, L, Yang, S, Zhang, W, Mao, Y, Xie, J, Ren, B, Zou, G, Hou, H, Deng, W & Ji, X 2026, 'Interfacial Thiophilicity Enrichment for Efficient Li–CO₂ Batteries', Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 36, no. 16, e22446. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202522446

Dyrmann, K 2026, Interior Décor and Neutrality Politics in a Time of War: Charlotte Schimmelmann’s Redecorations of Schimmelmann House in Copenhagen, 1789 and 1806. in J Ilmakunnas & M Hellsing (eds), Shopping in Eighteenth-Century Europe: Experiences and Identities. Routledge.

Abazi-Emini, N, Beqiri-Jashari, A, Akimovski, I, Billing, AM , Rinschen, MM, Janchevska, A, Reusch, B, Tasic, V & Beck, BB 2026, 'Intermittent dark urine in a school-aged boy: a case of alkaptonuria', Kidney International, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2025.07.035

Høst, AP , Ramlau-Hansen, CH , Strandberg-Larsen, K & Gaml-Sørensen, A 2026, 'Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and prosocial behavior and pubertal timing in boys and girls: A cohort study', Journal of Affective Disorders, vol. 392, 120179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2025.120179

Dauber, A, Jorge, AAL, Nilsson, O, Dekkers, OM, Argente, J, Netchine, I, Backeljauw, P, Baron, J, Bertola, DR, Clayton, P, Davies, JH, Edouard, T, Eggermann, T, Gevers, EF, Grigelioniene, G, Heath, KE, Jee, YH, Lapunzina, P, Mortier, GR, Pruhova, S, Storr, HL, Wakeling, E, Ferreira, CR, Hasegawa, T, Hokken-Koelega, ACS, Linglart, A, Luo, X, Wang, X, Hwa, V, Gregory, LC, Buonocore, F, Dattani, MT, Cianfarani, S & Wit, JM 2026, 'International guideline on genetic testing of children with short stature', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 194, no. 2, pp. R17-R36. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvag013

Dulai, AS, Murase, EM, Avallone, G, Ferrucci, SM, Marzano, AV, Ribero, S, Ardern-Jones, M, Ko, E, Flohr, C, Leshem, YA, Deleuran, M , Vestergaard, C, Hijnen, D, Md, JB, Elman, SA, Pruneddu, S, Butler, D, Chovatiya, R, Girolomoni, G, Golant, AK, Kamsteeg, M, Luna, PC, Murrell, DF, Stark, M, Torres, T, Yildrim, EA, Aractingi, S, Bangert, C, Batchelor, R, Chen, K-Y, Irvine, AD, Lullo, JJ, Martin, LK, Maul, J-T, Pérez, B, Rosmarin, D, Sansom, JE, Schultz, B, Shipman, A, Silverberg, NB, Szalai, Z, Fodor, A, Tanaka, AA, Viola, K, Sivamani, RK & Murase, JE 2026, 'International Multi-Center Case Series of Gestational Dupilumab Exposure in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: Maternal Complications and Fetal Outcomes', Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 94, no. 3, pp. 936-940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2025.10.123

Jelicic, J, Juul-Jensen, K, Bukumiric, Z, Runason Simonsen, M, Roost Clausen, M, Ludvigsen Al-Mashhadi, A , Schou Pedersen, R, Poulsen, CB, Gang, AO, Brown, P, El-Galaly, TC & Stauffer Larsen, T 2026, 'International Prognostic Models as Tools for Selection of Higher-risk Trial-eligible Patients With Diffuse Large B-Cell lymphoma', Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma and Leukemia, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. e62-e76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2025.08.020

Andersen, C 2026, International Science Contested – A Generational Challenge in Science Diplomacy. in Niels Bohr Open World Conference procedings.

Nielsen, ES 2026, 'Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric functional abdominal pain disorders: Detailed understandings and parental factors', PhD, Aarhus University.

Poulsen, PR , Johansen, JG & Sørensen, BS 2026, 'Interplay between dose, dose rate and endpoint in the tissue sparing effect of FLASH radiotherapy', Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, vol. 218, 111452, pp. 111452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2026.111452

Chuikova, Z, Izmalkova, A, Myachykov, A, Liashenko, A, Shtyrov, Y & Arsalidou, M 2026, 'Interplay between switching, inhibition, and mental attention: An exploratory eye-tracking study', Psychological Research, vol. 90, no. 1, 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-025-02229-7

Viborg, A, Dunstan, MA, Sapnik, AF, Aribot, F, Kubus, M, Yutronkie, NJ, Živković, I, Borup, K , Li, Z, Leyva-Parra, L, Ubach I Cervera, M, Gracia, D, López-Alcalá, D, Baldoví, JJ, Wilhelm, F, Nassif, V, Iversen, BB, Evangelisti, M, Rønnow, HM, Reyes-Lillo, SE, Rogalev, A & Pedersen, KS 2026, 'Interplay of Redox Non-Innocence and Symmetry Breaking in a 4d Coordination Framework', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 148, no. 8, pp. 8060-8066. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c19779

Birinci, E, Ekmekcioğlu, Ö, Ozdemir, H & Deniz, A 2026, 'Interpretable machine learning framework for air quality prediction in Istanbul using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP)', Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol. 40, no. 2, 37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-026-03168-4

Bjørnholt, B, Kjeldsen, AM & Mikkelsen, M 2026, 'Interprofessional Collaboration in Public Organizations: The Role of Perceived Value for Self-Efficacy and Motivation', International Journal of Public Administration. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2025.2599374

Bojesen, KB, Ambrosen, KS, Sigvard, AK, Nielsen, MØ, Gjedde, A, Kumakura, Y, Jensen, LT, Fuglø, D, Ebdrup, BH, Rostrup, E & Glenthøj, BY 2026, 'Interrelations between dopaminergic-, gabaergic- and glutamatergic neurotransmitters in antipsychotic-naïve psychosis patients and the association to initial treatment response', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1231-1240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03229-0

Uusimäki, E & Tervanotko, H 2026, 'Intersecting Identities: Towards a Refined Understanding of Social Life in Early Judaism', Dead Sea Discoveries, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10076

Gümüş, B & Kjaran, JI 2026, 'Intersecting marginalisations: violence against LGBTQ+ refugees and ethnic minorities in Turkey', Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 52, no. 5, pp. 1098-1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2025.2529496

Lindegren, S, Jørgensen, K, Kruse, A, Jensen Sandbukt, I & Pedersen, MR 2026, 'Interview Research on Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: Navigating Barriers and Building Strategies', Nordic Journal of Criminology.

Brorson, MS 2026, 'In the beginning was laughter: Human and divine laughter in U. Eco's "The Name of the Rose"', Literature and Theology.

Kristensen, TM 2026, Intolerance and Anti-Syncretism in Ancient Mediterranean Religions. in CE Barrett (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Archaeology of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Routledge.

Dam, HV & Zethsen, KK 2026, Intralingual translation: Theory meets practice. in H Karas & H Bat Zeev Shyldkrot (eds), Intralingual Translation: Beyond Language and Text. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Benjamins Translation Library, pp. 12-30. https://doi.org/10.1075/btl.168.01dam

Bækgaard, ES, Vester-Andersen, M, Crone, V, Møller, MH, Yamanaka, S, Palmarsdottir, R, Uusalo, P, Haidl, F, Rådestad, M, van der Sloot, K, Corona, A, Johnström, A, Nørskov, AK, Karlsen, APH, Faustad, BI, Sørensen, CB, Spies, F, Krogh, HB, El-Hallak, H, Mistry, JM, Mønnich, JK, Olesen, KG, Madsen, KPD, Voogd, KL, Reich, LM, Kolstrup, LA , Juhl-Olsen, P, Körner, LK, Sigurdsson, MI, Jensen-Holm, MB, Slavensky, JA, Toft, MH, Jørgensen, ML, Andersen, M, Jensen, MSH, Saei, M, Hedetoft, M, Hansen, PM, Hansen, RT, Lundsgaard, RS, Krarup, SMI, Wiberg, S, Laustrup, T, Brizzi, G, Kreutziger, J, Onyemuchara, I, Adeniji, A, Colville, T, Keitley, JA, Khan, M, Millar, M, Lennie, I, Kelly, K, Brooker, V, Roberts, J, Lipton, G, Keohone, J, Chebbout, R, Bond, O, Milligan, W, O'Brien, C, Wright, E, Linton, F, Towell, C, Shuttleworth, J, Norton, J, Butler, D, Frankland, S, Screech, F, Charig, L, Walsh, S, Davies, R, Jones, E, Dalmonte, E, Evans, M & Krag, M 2026, 'Intraoperative Hypotension and Vasoactive Treatment: An International Survey of Anaesthesiologists', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 3, e70197. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70197

Praastrup, FJ , Nikolajsen, L & Uhrbrand, CG 2026, 'Intraoperative methadone: promise and pitfalls', Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0000000000001612

International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Advanced Life Support Task Force 2026, 'Intraosseous and intravenous vascular access during adult cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis', Resuscitation, pp. 111015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111015

Svane, J , Huynh, KK , Chen, YP & Iversen, BB 2026, 'Intrinsic physical properties of flexible van der Waals semiconductor InSe', Journal of Materials Chemistry C, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1514-1522. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5tc03020j

Tarp, L, Hansen, MF, Svenningsen, J & Christensen, AH 2026, Introduction. in A Haack Christensen, M Fabricius Hansen, J Svenningsen & L Tarp (eds), Celebrations at Court: Ephemeral Objects, Materials, and Machinery in the Early Modern Period. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus.

Steen, A 2026, Introduction: China Sounds Across Borders. in A Steen, AF Jones & FC Lau (eds), China Sounds Across Borders: Migration, Mobility, and Modernity . Chinese University of Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong, pp. I - XXI.

Eaton, M, Korkka, J & Jóhannsdóttir, KM 2026, Introduction. in "From Far and Wide": Cultures, Memories, and Identities in Canada. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Oleksowicz, M, Wray, KB & Jarmuzek, T 2026, Introduction: Rethinking Hypotheses. in Hypotheses in Science. Springer, Synthese Library, vol. 536.

Borowy, I & Heymann, M 2026, Introduction. in I Borowi & M Heymann (eds), Competing Perspectives of Development: Yearbook for the History of Global Development 4. De Gruyter, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111635675-001

Saari, A, Piattoeva, N & Brøgger, K 2026, 'Introduction: Critical times? Conditions, constraints, and cooptions in contemporary educational critique', Educational Philosophy and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2025.2611004

Madsen, M & Laursen, R 2026, Introduction: Education and the Politics of Time. in R Laursen & M Madsen (eds), Educational Governance Research. Springer, Cham, Educational Governance Research, vol. 26, pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09590-9_1

Agkathidis, A, Hudert, M & Medel-Vera, C 2026, 'Introduction', SpringerBriefs in Architectural Design and Technology, vol. Part F1429, pp. vii-viii.

Hillebrand, E & Griffiths, W 2026, Introduction. in E Hillebrand & W Griffiths (eds), Teaching econometrics: A tribute to R. Carter Hill. Springer, Cham, Advanced Studies in Theoretical and Applied Econometrics, vol. 56, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-97942-2_1

Andrade, N & Raja, R 2026, Introduction: Invisible Labour and Ancient Economy. in N Andrade & R Raja (eds), Invisible Labour in Antiquity: Visualizing Obscure Work in the Ancient Mediterranean and West Asia. vol. 1, Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, pp. 15-34.

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Gadegaard, SL 2026, Introduction to Modelling within Prescriptive Analytics.

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