Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Nielsen, FK , Jurik, AG , Lindgren, L & Egund, N 2026, 'Tibiofemoral joint space width in semiflexed standing position: no difference by weightbearing on one or two knees by manual and computerized measurements', Acta Radiologica , vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/02841851251394540

Meinert, L & Juhl, LR 2026, 'Tidens sting: Craft, deltagelse og museet som samtidsdiagnostisk rum ', Nordisk Museologi/The Journal Nordic Museology .

Larsen, SN 2026, 'Til eksamen i karakterdannelse? Anmeldelse af Jonas Norgaard Mortensen (red.): "Karakterdannelse. Højnelse til humanitet". Forlaget Klim. Indledning og bidrag ved Svend Brinkmann. (Anm. i Bøger)', Information, pp. 9.

Muff, E & Thodsen, H 2026, Tilførsel af vand og næringsstoffer til Nissum Fjord: Leverance til Kystvandråd for Nissum Fjord. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 379, vol. 2026, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <file:///C:/Users/au543059/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/Content.Outlook/N61QO0I7/TR379%20(003).pdf>

Muff, E , Thodsen, H & Tornbjerg, H 2026, Tilførsel af vand og næringsstoffer til Thisted Bredning: Leverance til Kystvandråd Thisted Bredning. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 375, vol. 2026, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy.

Henriksen, BIF , Jensen, MB & Christensen, JW 2026, Tilskudsfodring af store græssere i helårsafgræsning: praktiske kriterier og betydning for dyrenes adfærd og velfærd. Rådgivningsrapport fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Lopez-Yepez, JS , Barta, A , Martin, J , Moltesen, M , Woo, TF, Hulme, O, Demir, E & Kvitsiani, D 2026, 'Time-dependent deployment of medial prefrontal cortical representations in male mice', Nature Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, 1473. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-68215-0

Damgaard, MT, Barron, K, Gravert, C & Norrgren, L 2026, 'Time Preferences and Medication Adherence: A Field Experiment with Pregnant Women in South Africa', Journal of the Economic Science Association. https://doi.org/10.1017/esa.2025.10027

Sørensen, MP , Lambert, M , Ravn, T & Vostal, F 2026, 'Time, Quality, and Integrity: Temporal Autonomy as a Missing Link in Research Assessment Reform', Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 32, no. 2, 16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-026-00588-x

Moeller, K, Jakobsen, H, Engesmo, A, Karlson, B & Carstensen, J 2026, 'Time series analysis of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium pseudogonyaulax across Northern European waters', Harmful Algae, vol. 153, 103060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2026.103060

Brodersen, ME 2026, 'Time, Signs, and Symbols: Toward a Schutzian Phenomenology of Education ', Studies in Philosophy and Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-026-10066-3

Larsen, KG & Simkin, M 2026, Time/Space Tradeoffs for Generic Attacks on Delay Functions. in B Applebaum & H Lin (eds), Theory of Cryptography: 23rd International Conference, TCC 2025, Aarhus, Denmark, December 1–5, 2025, Proceedings, Part IV. Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, no. 16271, pp. 451-477, 23rd Theory of Cryptography Conference, TCC 2025, Aarhus, Denmark, 01/12/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12290-2_15

Eiskjaer, H , Andersen, MJ & Clemmensen, TS 2026, 'Time to let go of the biopsy? A new era in cardiac rejection monitoring?', JHLT Open, vol. 11, 100478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100478

Gong, JY, Morton, JI, Chen, L, Sacre, JW, Carstensen, B, Gregg, EW, Pavkov, ME, Arffman, M, Booth, GL, Ter Braake, JG, Chu, LM, Fleetwood, K, Fosse-Edorh, S, Garbuviene, M, Guion, M, Ha, KH, Kaul, P, Ke, C, Keskimäki, I, Kim, DJ, Laurberg, T, Salim, A, Støvring, H, Vos, RC, Wild, SH, Fourlanos, S, Shaw, JE & Magliano, DJ 2026, 'Time trends in mortality from heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people with and without diabetes: a multi-national population-based study', The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 20-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00265-7

Plana-Ripoll, O, Nordentoft, M, Lousdal, ML , Tarp, MEK & Momen, NC 2026, 'Time Trends in the Mortality Gap for Individuals With Mental Disorders in Denmark: A Population-Based Cohort Study Over 2010-2023', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 153, no. 3, pp. 179-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.70056

Lauridsen, EL 2026, 'Tipping the scales. Exploring the immunomodulating roles of STING and IFN-λ in cancer', PhD, Aarhus University.

Poletti, V, Ryerson, CJ & Piciucchi, S 2026, 'Tissue-based categorisation of fibrotic interstitial pneumonias: when early diagnosis can make the difference', The European respiratory journal, vol. 67, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01903-2025

Winter, RM, van Beest, FM , Schmidt, NM & Hansson, SV 2026, 'Tissue-Specific Trace Element Distribution in Wild Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) from Dovrefjell, Norway', Biological Trace Element Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-025-04940-3

Gurzęda, B, Boulanger, N, Li, G, Jørgensen, MRV, Kantor, I, Baburin, I, Petre, M, Enachescu, M & Talyzin, AV 2026, 'Titanium Carbide MXene Synthesis by Etching of Titanium Aluminum Carbide in Acetic Acid Solution', Small. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202514731

Karlsson, A 2026, 'Title: Practising care elsewhere: Men, chronic illness, and technologies of care'.

Bennedsen, M , Christensen, K & Christensen, PK 2026, 'To be or not to be: Roughness or long memory in volatility?', Journal of Econometrics, vol. 254, 106193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2026.106193

Balezina, M 2026, 'To each their Sport: Support for Trans Inclusion and Fair Play Concerns', Sexuality Research and Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-026-01280-2

Carleo, I, Castro-González, A, Pallé, E, Murgas, F, Nowak, G, Lacedelli, G, Masseron, T, Wong, EW, Eggenberger, P, Bourrier, V, Jankowski, D, Goździewski, K, Alves, DR, Jenkins, JS, Messina, S, Stassun, KG, Vines, JI, Brogi, M, Ciardi, DR, Clark, CA, Cochran, W, Collins, KA, Deeg, HJ, Furlan, E, Gandolfi, D, Geraldía González, S, Hatzes, AP, Hellier, C, Howell, SB, Korth, J, Lillo-Box, J, Livingston, JH, Orell-Miquel, J, Persson, CM, Redfield, S, Safonov, B, Baker, D, Delfin Barrena Delgado, R, Bieryla, A, Boyle, A, Bosch-Cabot, P, Casasayas Barris, N, Chairetas, S, De Leon, JP, Fukuda, I, Fukui, A, Guerra, P, Ikuta, K, Kawauchi, K, Knudstrup, E, Libotte, F, Lund, MB, Luque, R, Guerrero De Escalante, ELM, Massey, B, Michaels, EJ, Morello, G, Narita, N, Parvianien, H, Schwarz, RP, Shporer, A, Stangret, M, Watanabe, N & Watkins, CN 2026, 'TOI-3862 b: A dense super-Neptune deep in the hot Neptune desert', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 707, A4. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202557186

Fuchs, B 2026, Tolerance of different crops to the herbicide clopyralid and elaboration of the background for a proposed limit value of 1 μg/kg in growing media. Advisory report from DCA – National Center for Food and Agriculture, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Jakobsen, AMSØ & Kadenic, MD 2026, 'Too Little Fit, Too Much Demand: A Task–Technology Perspective on Sustainability in Engineering Management', IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 987-1008. https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2025.3646967

Refsum, E, Furu, K, Cesta, CE, Nørgaard, M, Wittström, F, Zoega, H, Ulrichsen, SP & Cohen, JM 2026, 'Topical retinoid use in women of reproductive age and risk of major congenital malformations in exposed pregnancies: a Nordic cohort study', British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 194, no. 4, ljaf500, pp. 640-647. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjd/ljaf500

Laursen, AN 2026, 'Tørvemosedommen – om sondringen mellem indtægterne og indtægtsgrundlaget', Taxo.

Kristensen, TM 2026, Tourism, Pilgrimage, Sightseeing. in J Bremmer, J Rüpke & G Petridou (eds), Religion in Context: Graeco-Roman Religious Practices in Their Socio-Cultural Milieu. Brill, Leiden.

Louw, ME 2026, Tøven. in J Lykkegaard & C Pallesen (eds), Stemninger: Antropologiske undersøgelser af atmosfærer. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus .

Cardoso, P, Baker, NJ, Boieiro, M, Bonte, D, Borges, PAV, Braby, MF, Branco, V, Chobanov, D, Correia, L, Dalton, DT, Damas-Mora, M, Didham, RK, Forster, L, Glatz, R, Gorneau, JA, Hochkirch, A, Kirse, A, Lichtenberg, EM, Macías-Hernández, N, Miličić, M, Moir, M, Moreno-García, P, Neessen, R, Noriega, JA, Penick, CA, Perry, KI, Pryke, J, Rego, C, Roeder, KA, Saussure, S, Shirey, V, Sihvonen, P, Svetnik, I, Tarasov, S, Trindade, P, Welti, EAR, Wong, M & Scherber, C 2026, 'Toward a global repository of insect traits (GRIT)', Insect Conservation and Diversity, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/icad.70035

Radgoudarzi, M 2026, 'Toward a Non-Discriminatory Approach to Determining the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility for Iranian Girls: Ayatollah Mousavi Bojnourdi’s Reinterpretation of Penal Majority in Shi’a Islam', Hawwa Journal of Women of the Middle East and the Islamic World.

Koskinen, I, Dixon, B, Krogh, PG & Mäkelä, M 2026, Toward Constructive Design Philosophy? in F Secomandi & P-P Verbeek (eds), Design Philosophy after the Technology Turn. Bloomsbury Academic, London, pp. 23-39. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350494480

Aliani, S, Lusher, AL, Suaria, G, Primpke, S, Roscher, L, De Witte, B, Vanavermaete, D, Verlé, K, Nikiforov, V, Herzke, D, Paluselli, A, Donnarumma, V, Strand, J , da Silva, VH, Galgani, F, Hairabedian, G & van Bavel, B 2026, 'Toward harmonised monitoring of plastic pollution: description of a systematic review to evaluate and apply reproducible methods', Microplastics and Nanoplastics, vol. 6, no. 1, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-026-00184-7

Reinders, MJ, van Kleef, E, Lähteenmäki, L, Timotijevic, L, Zimmermann, KL & van Trijp, HCM 2026, 'Towards a future-proof integrated food consumer science discipline', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 137, 105796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105796

Christensen, S, Nicolaisen, MH, Winding, A, Hestbjerg, H, Walter, M, Jensen, RE, Ling, ML, Morgan, C & Hansen, V 2026, 'Towards a unified framework for integrating plant biologicals into soil health management', Plant and Soil, vol. 518, no. 1, pp. 777-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08035-9

Olouladé, BM, Gao, J, Al-Sabri, R, Chen, J & Wu, Z 2026, Towards Better Graph Anomaly Detection: A Performance-Aware Neural Architecture Search Approach. in W Senn, M Sanguineti, A Saudargiene, IV Tetko, AEP Villa, V Jirsa & Y Bengio (eds), Artificial Neural Networks and Machine Learning – ICANN 2025: 34th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, 2025, Proceedings. vol. Part 1, Springer, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16068, pp. 285-297, 34th International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Kaunas, Lithuania, 09/09/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-04558-4_23

Acharya, A, Hazay, C, Prabhakaran, M & Kolesnikov, V 2026, Towards Building Efficient SCALES Protocols. in G Hanaoka & B-Y Yang (eds), Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT 2025 - 31st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Proceedings: 31st International Conference on the Theory and Application of Cryptology and Information Security, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, December 8–12, 2025, Proceedings, Part V. vol. 16249, Springer LNCS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 16249, pp. 35-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-95-5116-3_2

Fuchs, G, Stelljes, N, Kroos, F, Scherer, C, Lønborg, C, Bauer, B, Cambra, E, Gissi, E, Cortez Gallegos, GE & Peck, MA 2026, 'Towards climate-ready marine protected areas: challenges and strategic pathways', npj Ocean Sustainability, vol. 5, no. 1, 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44183-026-00184-3

Aagaard, A 2026, 'Towards Disruptive Sustainability: A Multi-Level Analysis of Business Models Driving Sustainability Transitions', Research Policy, vol. 55, no. 4, 105457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2026.105457

Cvijanović, D, Stammel, B, Novković, M, Adamescu, M, Baumane, M, Bonn, A, Ehlert, T, Gönner, JV, Januschke, K, Kaden, US, Schipper, C, Schulz-Zunkel, C & Scholz, M 2026, 'Towards effective and integrated riparian wetland monitoring in Europe: challenges and opportunities', Nature Conservation, no. 62, pp. 121-148. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.62.167089

Rafiei, M , Asif, MR , Nørremark, M & Sørensen, CAG 2026, 'Towards high-spatial-resolution, multi-depth soil water content estimation via SAR data and multimodal deep learning', Precision Agriculture, vol. 27, no. 2, 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-026-10322-z

Molina León, G, Bach, B, Valentim, M & Elmqvist, N 2026 'Towards Measuring Interactive Visualization Abilities: Connecting With Existing Literacies and Assessments'.

Liu, CS, Merrick, B, Taboun, ZS, Mullish, BH, Goldenberg, SD, Terveer, EM, Porcari, S, Bradbury, RS, Ianiro, G, Ng, SC, Kao, D, Kuijper, E & GROUP 2026, 'Towards optimising and standardising donor screening for faecal microbiota transplantion', Gut, vol. 75, no. 3, pp. 635-645. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2025-336532

Staunæs, D & Vertelyté, M 2026, 'Towards pedagogies of affective dissonance for intergenerational listening and un/learning', Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 29-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/01596306.2025.2515025

Tavadze, G, Gibbs, P, Greenwood, D & Smedegaard Ernst Bengtsen, S 2026, Towards the Placeful University: Transformative Places and Spaces in Higher Education. Debating Higher Education: Philosophical Perspectives , Springer.

Fernandes-Salvador, JA, Borja, A, Anabitarte, A, Granado, I, Lekunberri, X, Sagarminaga, Y, Canals, O, Lanzen, A, Azhar, M, Kotta, J, Ojaveer, H, Spinosa, A, Jokinen, AP, Haraguchi, L, Stæhr, SU, Pérez, A, Inza, I, Villasante, S, Oanta, GA, Silva, CNS, Tiller, R & Lilkendey, J 2026, 'Towards Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence for Marine Research, Fisheries and Environmental Management', Fish and Fisheries, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 248-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/faf.70052

Poulsen, B , Netterstrøm, JB & Andersen, K 2026, Town Books in Late Medieval Denmark: Studies of Literacy in Medieval Europe. in EJ van den Hoven van Genderen, R Meens & C van Rhijn (eds), Dynamics of Literacy in Medieval Europe : Studies in Honour of Marco Mostert. Brepols Publishers, pp. 173-xxx.

Andersen, CU, Johansen, SS, Rygaard, K, Hermansen, SK, Rasmussen, BS & Hasselstrøm, JB 2026, 'Toxicological findings in suspected drugging incidents in Denmark from 2022 - 2024', Forensic Toxicology, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11419-025-00752-1

Rasmussen, JS 2026, 'Toxic speech as political participation: How social media users justify toxicity in political discussions', New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251412860

Garcia Perez, P , Feilberg, A & Kamp, JN 2026, 'Tracer decay method for estimating CH4 emission from tent covered slurry tanks', Atmospheric Environment: X, vol. 30, 100436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2026.100436

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