Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Perinpam, L 2015, Research year Thesis - Drug related problems (DRP) in Emergency Department (ED) Patients: – A prospective evaluation of prevalence, preventability and severity.

Clausen, P 2015, 'Reservater med resultater – også for jægerne!', Jæger, vol. 24, no. 8, pp. 92-96.

Philippsen, B 2015, 'Reservoireffekt i kulstof-14 dateringen: fra fejlkilde til informationskilde', Dansk Kemi, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 12-15. <http://ipaper.ipapercms.dk/TechMedia/DanskKemi/2015/67/>

Pedersen, C, Johansen, C, Schüz, J, Olsen, JH & Raaschou-Nielsen, O 2015, 'Residential exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukaemia, CNS tumour and lymphoma in Denmark', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 113, no. 9, pp. 1370-1374. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.365

Roswall, N, Eriksen, KT, Hjortebjerg, D, Jensen, SS , Overvad, K, Tjønneland, A, Raaschou-Nielsen, O & Sørensen, M 2015, 'Residential Exposure to Road and Railway Noise and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 8, pp. e0135407. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135407

Roswall, N, Høgh, V, Envold-Bidstrup, P, Raaschou-Nielsen, O, Ketzel, M , Overvad, K , Olsen, A & Sørensen, M 2015, 'Residential exposure to traffic noise and health-related quality of life: a population-based study', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 3, e0120199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120199

Sørensen, M, Poulsen, AH, Ketzel, M, Oksbjerg Dalton, S, Friis, S & Raaschou-Nielsen, O 2015, 'Residential exposure to traffic noise and risk for non-hodgkin lymphoma among adults', Environmental Research, vol. 142, pp. 61-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.06.016

Bräuner, EV, Loft, S, Sørensen, M, Jensen, A, Andersen, CE, Ulbak, K, Hertel, O, Pedersen, C, Tjønneland, A, Krüger Kjær, S & Raaschou-Nielsen, O 2015, 'Residential Radon Exposure and Skin Cancer Incidence in a Prospective Danish Cohort', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 8, e0135642. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135642

O'Neill, LD, Norberg, K, Thomsen, M, Jensen, RD, Brøndt, SG, Charles, P , Mortensen, LS & Christensen, MK 2015, 'Residents in difficulty-just slower learners? a case-control study', BMC Medical Education, vol. 14, no. 1, 1047. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-014-0276-z

Akhtar, SS, Andersen, MN & Liu, F 2015, 'Residual effects of biochar on improving growth, physiology and yield of wheat under salt stress', Agricultural Water Management, vol. 158, pp. 61-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.04.010

Berry, DP, Lassen, J & de Hass, Y 2015, Residual feed intake and breeding approaches for enteric methane mitigation. in PK Malik, R Bhatta, J Takahashi, RA Kohn & CS Prasad (eds), Livestock production and climate change., 20153123686, CABI Publishing, pp. 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780644325.0273

Döring, TF, Vieweger, A, Pautasso, M, Vaarst, M, Finckh, MR & Wolfe, MS 2015, 'Resilience as a universal criterion of health', Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 95, no. 3, pp. 455-465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6539

Christiansen, IB & Sommer, D 2015, 'Resiliens i fremtiden: Integrative metateoretiske bidrag', Psyke & Logos, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 198-218. <http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/psyke/article/view/23406/20447>

Keshtkar, E , Mathiassen, SK, Moss, SR & Kudsk, P 2015, 'Resistance profile of herbicide-resistant Alopecurus myosuroides (black-grass) populations in Denmark', Crop Protection, vol. 69, pp. 83-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.12.016

Søndergaard, A 2015, 'Resistance to Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Genus Haemophilus'.

Ingerslev, AK , Theil, PK , Hedemann, MS , Lærke, HN & Knudsen, KEB 2015, 'Resistant starch and arabinoxylan augment SCFA absorption, but affect postprandial glucose and insulin responses differently - CORRIGENDUM', British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 113, no. 5, pp. 865-866. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114513004066

Hedemann, MS , Hermansen, K & Knudsen, KEB 2015, 'Resistant starch but not slowly digestible starch prevents the development of diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats: p. 122', The 6th International Dietary Fibre Conference, Paris, France, 01/06/2015 - 03/06/2015.

Langkjer, ST 2015, 'Resistensudvikling overfor trasuzumab (Herceptin) behandling hos kvinder med HER-2 positiv metastastisk brystkræft', BestPractice Onkologi, pp. 22-25. <http://www.swiflet.com/bponko/onkodk/14/22/>

Kristensen, M , Jørgensen, LN & Mathiassen, SK 2015, 'Resistente skadedyr truer rapsdyrkningen', Mark, no. 4, pp. 46-46. <http://www.landbrugsmedierne.dk/Magasiner/Mark/Mark.htm>

Mathiassen, SK , Jørgensen, LN & Kristensen, M 2015, 'Resistent græsukrudt er et stort problem', Mark, no. 4, pp. 43-43. <http://www.landbrugsmedierne.dk/Magasiner/Mark/Mark.htm>

Heffron, R, McCauley, D & Sovacool, B 2015, 'Resolving Society's Energy Trilemma through the Energy Justice Metric', Energy Policy, vol. 87, pp. 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.08.033

Mazzola, F, Nematollahi, M, Li, ZS, Cooil, S, Yang, X, Reenaas, TW & Wells, JW 2015, 'Resonant photoemission spectroscopy for intermediate band materials', Applied Physics Letters, vol. 107, no. 19, 192104. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4935536

Poulkov, V & Prasad, R 2015, Resource management in future internet. River Publishers.

Holm, BK 2015, Resources and Dead Ends of the German Lutherrenaissance: Karl Holl and the Problems of Gift, Sociality, and Anti-Eudaemonism. in C Helmer & BK Holm (eds), Lutherrenaissance: Past and Present. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, pp. 127-143. <http://www.v-r.de/de/lutherrenaissance_past_and_present/t-0/1035189/>

Poulsen, PR , Worm, ES , Hansen, R , Larsen, LPS , Grau, C & Høyer, M 2015, 'Respiratory gating based on internal electromagnetic motion monitoring during stereotactic liver radiation therapy: First results', Acta Oncologica, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 1445-52. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2015.1062134

Svanes, Ø, Skorge, TD, Johannessen, A, Bertelsen, RJ, Bråtveit, M, Forsberg, B, Gislason, T, Holm, M, Janson, C, Jögi, R, Macsali, F, Norbäck, D, Omenaas, ER, Real, FG, Schlünssen, V , Sigsgaard, T, Wieslander, G, Zock, J-P, Aasen, T, Dratva, J & Svanes, C 2015, 'Respiratory Health in Cleaners in Northern Europe: Is Susceptibility Established in Early Life?', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. e0131959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131959

Nissen, UB 2015, Responding to the Word of God and Creation: Ethical Reflections on Genetic Engineering and Responsive Science. in A Burghardt (ed.), Liberated by God's Grace. 2017 - 500 Years of Reformation: Creation - Not for Sale. Lutheran World Federation, Leipzig, pp. 15-22. <https://2017.lutheranworld.org/content/reformation-booklets-creation-%E2%80%93-not-sale-131>

Andersen, NH , Trolle, C & Gravholt, CH 2015, 'Response', Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.12658

Lilja-Fischer, JK , Jensen, K , Eskildsen, HW, Fink-Jensen, V & Nielsen, VE 2015, 'Response evaluation of the neck in oropharyngeal cancer: Value of magnetic resonance imaging and influence of p16 in selecting patients for post-radiotherapy neck dissection', Acta Oncologica, vol. 54, no. 9, pp. 1599-1606. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2015.1063781

Lilja-Fischer, JK 2015, 'Response evaluation of the neck in oropharyngeal cancer: Value of MRI and influence of p16 in selecting patients for post-radiotherapy neck dissection.', Acta Oncologica symposium on biology-guided adaptive radiotherapy (BiGART 2015), Aarhus, Denmark, 10/06/2015 - 12/06/2015.

Wu, S, Dong, X, Chang, Y, Carvalho, PN, Pang, C, Chen, L & Dong, R 2015, 'Response of a tidal operated constructed wetland to sudden organic and ammonium loading changes in treating high strength artificial wastewater', Ecological Engineering, vol. 82, pp. 643-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.05.040

Horn, M, Steinwidder, A, Pfister, R, Gasteiner, J, Vestergaard, M , Larsen, T & Zollitsch, W 2015, Response of different cow types to a reduction of concentrate supplementation in an Alpine low-input dairy system: Delivrable 2.5 Official deliverable of the 7th Framework Programme KBBE. in Adaptation of dairy cattle and goat breeds to organic and low input production systems. pp. 64-79.

Reinhard, M , Frystyk, J , Jespersen, B , Randers, E , Bibby, BM & Ivarsen, P 2015, 'Response of fibroblast growth factor 21 to meal intake and insulin infusion in patients on maintenance haemodialysis', Clinical Endocrinology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 187-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12737

Wang, P-Y, Bennetsen, DT , Foss, M, Thissen, H & Kingshott, P 2015, 'Response of MG63 osteoblast-like cells to ordered nanotopographies fabricated using colloidal self-assembly and glancing angle deposition', Biointerphases, vol. 10, no. 4, 04A306. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4931889

Zhenjiang, Z , Andersen, MN , Plauborg, F & Edlefsen, O 2015, 'Response of potato to drip and gun irrigation systems', Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, vol. Special Issue 2015, no. 18th World Congress of CIGR. <http://www.cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/article/viewFile/3154/2041>

Bang-Andreasen, T, Rønn, R, Lanzen, A & Jacobsen, CS 2015, 'Responses in Active Microbial Communities and Expression of Important Functional Genes in Forest and Agricultural Field Soil after Wood Ash Addition Revealed by Metatranscriptomics', Ecology of Soil Microorganisms, Prague, Czech Republic, 29/11/2015 - 03/12/2015.

Bang-Andreasen, T, Rønn, R, Lanzen, A & Jacobsen, CS 2015, 'Responses in Active Microbial Communities and Important Functional Genes in Forest and Agricultural Field Soil after Wood Ash Addition Revealed by Metatranscriptomics', The Annual Congress of The Danish Microbiological Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, 09/11/2015.

Jensen, C , Østergaard, S, Bertilsson, J & Weisbjerg, MR 2015, 'Responses in live weight change to net energy intake in dairy cows', Livestock Science, vol. 181, pp. 163-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2015.09.016

Schnug, L, Ergon, T, Jakob, L, Scott-Fordsmand, JJ, Joner, EJ & Leinaas, HP 2015, 'Responses of earthworms to repeated exposure to three biocides applied singly and as a mixture in an agricultural field', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 505, pp. 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.089

Holmstrup, M, Schmelz, RM, Carrera, N, Dyrnum, K, Larsen, KS, Mikkelsen, TN & Beier, C 2015, 'Responses of enchytraeids to increased temperature, drought and atmospheric CO₂: Results of an eight-year field experiment in dryheathland', European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 70, pp. 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.06.004

Sairanen, A, Rinne, M, Larsen, T & Vestergaard, M 2015, Responses of Nordic Red and Holstein dairy cows to a reduced concentrate feed input on a grass silage-based diet: Delivrable 2.5 Official deliverable of the 7th Framework Programme KBBE. in Adaptation of dairy cattle and goat breeds to organic and low input production systems. pp. 30-42.

Klaas, M, Haiminen, N, Cormican, P, Grant, J, Finnan, J, Lærke, PE , Jørgensen, U, Didion, T, Jensen, CS, Utro, F, Vellani, T, Parida, L & Barth, S 2015, Responses of perennial bioenergy grasses to abiotic stress. in Abstracts from the International conference on "Perennial biomass crops for a resource-constrained world". pp. 15-15, Perennial Biomass Crops for a Resource Constrained World, Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany, 07/09/2015.