Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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King, MG, van Klij, P, Hoak, F, Kierkegaard-Brøchner, S, West, TJ, Scholes, MJ, Heerey, JJ, Semciw, AI, Ganderton, C, McMillan, RM & Bruder, AM 2025, 'Are Women Less Likely to Return to Sport Compared to Men Following Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis', Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 193-205. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2025.12813

Christensen, RN 2025, 'Are You Digitally Mature? Exploring key antecedents, competencies, and the design of a smart mobile application for supporting young people’s beneficial use of digital devices', PhD, Aarhus University.

Lehmann, SL, Beretta, M, Dao, HM & Ebersberger, B 2025, 'Are you judging me or my idea? How feedback impacts future idea success in web-based idea management systems', Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 1019-1043. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12778

Bovién Gørlitz, K, Tolstrup, MU, Wilken, SH , Bell, C & Hansen, KW 2025, 'Are your mobile phone and continuous glucose monitoring application compatible?', Health Policy and Technology, vol. 14, no. 2, 100991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2025.100991

Chokyu Del Rey, Y , Rikvold, P , Lund, MB , Raittio, E , Schramm, A , Meyer, RL & Schlafer, S 2025, 'Arginine mitigates pH drops and modulates the composition and architecture of biofilms from caries-active patients', ORCA: 72nd Congress of the European Organization for Caries Research, Leeds, United Kingdom, 01/07/2025 - 05/07/2025.

Del Rey, YC , Rikvold, PD , Lund, MB , Raittio, EJ , Schramm, A , Meyer, RL & Schlafer, S 2025, 'Arginine modulates the pH, microbial composition, and matrix architecture of biofilms from caries-active patients', International Journal of Oral Science, vol. 17, no. 1, 70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-025-00404-5

Kjeldsen, TH & Jankvist, UT 2025, Arguments for history of mathematics in general mathematics education research: A constructive and critical discussion. in S Lawrence, É Barbin & L Puig (eds), International Study Group on the Relations between History and Pedagogy of Mathematics, Proceedings of the 2024, ICME Satellite Meeting, HPM 2024 Sydney, 1-5 July. pp. 39-48. <https://hpm.sites.uu.nl/wp-content/uploads/sites/905/2025/10/HPM-Proceedings-PDF-FIN.pdf>

Wendel-Hansen, J 2025, 'Aristokratiet takker af', Æra, vol. 5, pp. 52-72.

Nygaard, S 2025, A Ritual and Contextual Approach to Runic Poetry from Viking-Age Denmark: Some Analytical Examples. in S Nygaard, S Croix & SM Sindbæk (eds), Ritual Performance in the Viking Age: Proceedings of the 39th Interdisciplinary Viking Symposium, 20th May 2022, Aarhus University. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 31-50.

Witte Thomasen, E & Riede, F 2025, 'Arkæologi uden bopladser. En glemt privatsamlings potentiale for ny viden', Tings Tale, vol. 7, pp. 80-101.

Andersen, MH, Arkiv Avis Mor, 2025, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital), Screenworks The journal of practice research in film and screen media. <https://www.screenworks.org.uk/archive/volume-15-1/arkiv-avis-mor>

Kryger, P & Greve, MB 2025, 'Årlig opgørelse af antal bistader, der er klar til indvintring i Danmark', No. 2025-0799636, 4 p., Apr 23, 2025. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

The Data Reuse Consortium & Probst, AJ 2025, 'A roadmap for equitable reuse of public microbiome data', Nature Microbiology, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 2384-2395. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-025-02116-2

Kriebisch, CME, Bantysh, O, Baranda Pellejero, L, Belluati, A, Bertosin, E, Dai, K, de Roy, M, Fu, H, Galvanetto, N, Gibbs, JM, Gomez, SS, Granatelli, G, Griffo, A, Guix, M, Gurdap, CO, Harth-Kitzerow, J, Haugerud, IS, Häfner, G, Jaiswal, P, Javed, S, Karimi, A, Kato, S, Kriebisch, BAK, Laha, S, Lee, PW, Lipinski, WP, Matreux, T, Michaels, TCT, Poppleton, E, Ruf, A, Slootbeek, AD, Smokers, IBA, Soria-Carrera, H, Sorrenti, A, Stasi, M, Stevenson, A, Thatte, A, Tran, M, van Haren, MHI, Vuijk, HD, Wickham, SFJ, Zambrano, P, Adamala, KP, Alim, K, Andersen, ES, Bonfio, C, Braun, D, Frey, E, Gerland, U, Huck, WTS, Jülicher, F, Laohakunakorn, N, Mahadavan, L, Otto, S, Saenz, J, Schwille, P, Göpfrich, K, Weber, CA & Boekhoven, J 2025, 'A roadmap toward the synthesis of life', Chem, vol. 11, no. 3, 102399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2024.102399

Li, L & Zhang, X 2025, 'A robust assessment method of point cloud quality for enhancing 3D robotic scanning', Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, vol. 92, 102863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102863

Makhaik, S, Rut, W, Choudhary, S, Upadhyay, T, Hao, C, Westberg, M, Bobst, C, Yoo, E, Fejzo, J, Lin, MZ, Bogyo, M, Thompson, P, Drag, M & Hardy, JA 2025, 'A robust fluorogenic substrate for chikungunya virus protease (nsP2) activity', Protein Science, vol. 34, no. 3, e70069. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.70069

Bjerregaard, L, Nielsen, CH, Poulsen, SH , Rasmussen, TB & Jensen, MK 2025, 'Arrhythmic Disease Progression in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy During 4 Years of Follow-Up Evaluation', CJC Open, vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1434-1440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjco.2025.07.006

Kjær, C , Brunbjerg, AK , Hansen, RR , Boel, M , Mortensen, RM , Møller, JD & Mikkelsen, P 2025, Arter 2023-2024: NOVANA. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 686, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Videnskabelige_rapporter_600-699/SR686.pdf>

Moik, F, Horváth-Puhó, E, Ay, C, Pabinger, I, Mulder, F, van Es, N & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'Arterial and venous thromboembolic events in patients with cancer treated with targeted therapies: a population-based cohort study', eClinicalMedicine, vol. 87, 103440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103440

Scheres, LJJ, Vágó, EK , Fuglsang, CH, Cannegieter, SC, Horváth-Puhó, E & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'Arterial Cardiovascular Disease Risk After Venous Thromboembolism in Young Adults: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf747

Loiseau, P , Mailhac, A, Duhaut, P & Thomsen, RW 2025, 'Arterial cardiovascular outcomes and venous thromboembolism in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: A Danish cohort study', Rheumatology, vol. 64, no. 8, pp. 4678-4686. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keaf210

Winkelmeier, L, Kniep, H, Thomalla, G, Bendszus, M, Subtil, F, Bonekamp, S, Hege Aamodt, A, Fuentes, B, Gizewski, ER, Hill, MD, Krajina, A, Pierot, L, Simonsen, CZ, Zeleňák, K, Blauenfeldt, RA, Cheng, B, Denis, A, Deutschmann, H, Dorn, F, Gellissen, S, Gerber, JC, Goyal, M, Herweh, C, Hopf-Jensen, S, Tuan Hua, V, Jensen, M, Kastrup, A, Fee Keil, C, Klepanec, A, Kurča, E, Mikkelsen, R, Möhlenbruch, M, Müller-Hülsbeck, S, Münnich, N, Pagano, P, Papanagiotou, P, Petzold, GC, Pham, M, Puetz, V, Raupach, J, Reimann, G, Arthur Ringleb, P, Schell, M, Schlemm, E, Schönenberger, S, Tennøe, B, Ulfert, C, Vališ, K, Vítková, E & TENSION Investigators 2025, 'Arterial Collaterals and Endovascular Treatment Effect in Acute Ischemic Stroke with Large Infarct: A Secondary Analysis of the TENSION Trial', Radiology, vol. 314, no. 2, e242401. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.242401

Skøtt, MV , Matchkov, V & Postnov, DD 2025, 'Arterial-wall origin and transient dynamics of flow- and vaso-motion activities in the awake mouse brain revealed by laser speckle contrast imaging', Neurophotonics, vol. 12, S22804. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.NPH.12.S2.S22804

Rasmussen, JD & Fristrup, T 2025, 'Artful Ageing som velfærdsteknologi: Sans for de små aldringserfaringer', Ingeniøren.

ISAR group 2025, 'Arthroplasty registries at a glance: an initiative of the International Society of Arthroplasty Registries (ISAR) to facilitate access, understanding, and reporting of registry data from an international perspective', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 116-126. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2024.42706

Lunding, R, Hubenschmid, S, Feuchtner, T & Grønbæk, K 2025, 'ARTHUR: authoring human–robot collaboration processes with augmented reality using hybrid user interfaces', Virtual Reality, vol. 29, no. 2, 73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-025-01149-6

Schultz, J & Vedsted-Hansen, J 2025, 'Article 8 ECHR and the ‘temporary turn’ in European asylum policies', Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, vol. 32, no. 3, 1023263X251338505, pp. 250-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/1023263X251338505

Nielsen, GB 2025, 'Articulating social justice: Student everyday activism and the cultivation of translocal consciousness', Globalisation, Societies and Education, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2025.2459112

Städler, B , Zelikin, AN , Valero, J , Andersen, ES & Sánchez, S 2025, 'Artificial Biology - Assemble, Imitate, Adapt', Advanced Biology, vol. 9, no. 5, 2500236. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.202500236

Bjerring, JC & Busch, J 2025, 'Artificial intelligence and identity: the rise of the statistical individual', AI & Society, vol. 40, no. 2, 109533, pp. 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-01877-4

Mohammad-Rahimi, H, Setzer, FC, Aminoshariae, A, Dummer, PMH, Duncan, HF & Nosrat, A 2025, 'Artificial intelligence chatbots in endodontic education-Concepts and potential applications', International Endodontic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.14231

Beniczky, S, Lhatoo, S, Sperling, MR & Ryvlin, P 2025, 'Artificial intelligence, digital technology, and mobile health in epilepsy', Epilepsia, vol. 66, no. S3, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.18435

van der Waerden, RGA, Volleberg, RHJA, Luttikholt, TJ, Cancian, P, van der Zande, JL, Stone, GW, Holm, NR, Kedhi, E, Escaned, J, Pellegrini, D, Guagliumi, G, Mehta, SR, Pinilla-Echeverri, N, Moreno, R, Räber, L, Roleder, T, van Ginneken, B, Sánchez, CI, Išgum, I, van Royen, N & Thannhauser, J 2025, 'Artificial intelligence for the analysis of intracoronary optical coherence tomography images: a systematic review', European Heart Journal - Digital Health, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 270-284. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjdh/ztaf005

Engberg, E, Hellsten, M, Javed, F, Lodefalk, M, Sabolová, R, Schroeder, S & Tang, A 2025, 'Artificial intelligence, hiring and employment: job postings evidence from Sweden', Applied Economics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2025.2497431

Graumann, O, Cui Xin, W, Goudie, A, Blaivas, M, Braden, B, Campbell Westerway, S, Chammas, MC, Dong, Y, Gilja, OH, Hsieh, PCC, Jiang Tian, A, Liang, P, Möller, K, Nolsøe, CP, Săftoiu, A & Dietrich, CF 2025, 'Artificial Intelligence in Abdominal, Gynecological, Obstetric, Musculoskeletal, Vascular and Interventional Ultrasound', Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 1865-1877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2025.07.008

Høj, S, Backer, V, Ulrik, CS, Sigsgaard, T & Meteran, H 2025, 'Artificial Intelligence in Asthma Health Literacy: A Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT versus Gemini', Journal of Asthma, vol. 62, no. 9, pp. 1560-1566. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2025.2495729

Knight, A, Gschwind, T, Galer, P, Worrell, GA, Litt, B, Soltesz, I & Beniczky, S 2025, 'Artificial Intelligence in Epilepsy Phenotyping', Epilepsia, vol. 66, no. S3, pp. 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17833

Schwendicke, F, Mohammad Rahimi, H & Tichy, A 2025, 'Artificial Intelligence in Prosthodontics', Dental Clinics of North America, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 315-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2024.11.009

Szondy, M, Zsila, Á, Magyary, Á, Fazekas, P & Mészáros, NZ 2025, Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy: Optimal Utilization Strategies. in J Seibt, P Fazekas & OS Quick (eds), Social Robots with AI: Prospects, Risks, and Responsible Methods, Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2024. vol. 397, IOS Press, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 397, pp. 349-358, 6th Social Robots with AI: Prospects, Risks, and Responsible Methods Robophilosophy, RP 2024, Hybrid, Aarhus, Denmark, 19/08/2024. https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA241522

Engberg, E, Koch, M, Lodefalk, M & Schroeder, S 2025, 'Artificial intelligence, tasks, skills, and wages: Worker-level evidence from Germany', Research Policy, vol. 54, no. 8, 105285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2025.105285

Søgaard, AB , Hansson, RF , Nielsen, MH & Zelikin, AN 2025, 'Artificial Internalizing Receptors for Targeted Degradation of Extracellular Proteins', Advanced Science, vol. 12, no. 37, e09083. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202509083

Zhang, L, Bai, J, Shen, A, Zhao, J, Su, Z, Wang, M, Dong, M & Xu, ZP 2025, 'Artificially tagging tumors with nano-aluminum adjuvant-tethered antigen mRNA recruits and activates antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells for enhanced cancer immunotherapy', Biomaterials, vol. 317, 123085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2025.123085

Søgaard, AB , Løvschall, KB , Montasell, MC, Cramer, CB, Marcet, PM , Pedersen, AB , Jakobsen, JH & Zelikin, AN 2025, 'Artificial Receptor in Synthetic Cells Performs Transmembrane Activation of Proteolysis', Advanced Biology, vol. 9, no. 5, 2400053. https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.202400053

Zacher Sørensen, M-M & Michelsen, LLN 2025, 'Artificial Touch in Contemporary Art and Culture', Culture Machine, vol. 24, no. The Aesthetics of Biomachines. <https://culturemachine.net/vol-24-aesthetics-biomachine/artificial-touch-in-contemporary-art-and-culture/>

van Mulukom, V, Geertz, AW, Clark, R & Farias, M 2025, Art performances and religious rituals: How transformative experiences can foster knowledge. in L Eikelboom & D Newheiser (eds), Art-making as spiritual practice: Rituals of embodied understanding. Bloomsbury Academic, London, pp. 207-213.

Sørensen, NM 2025, 'Arveladers og gavegivers bestemmelser om formueordningen', Juristen, no. 2, pp. 125-137.

Shih, PY, Le Bras, S, Ollivier, R, Boulain, H, Morlière, S, Outreman, Y, Simon, JC & Sugio, A 2025, 'A Salivary Effector of the Pea Aphid Interacts with Pea Proteins and Enhances Its Performance on the Host Plant', Molecular plant-microbe interactions, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 630-640. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-24-0089-R

Barrientos-Blanco, MA, Arshad, U, Giannoukos, S, Islam, MZ, Kunz, C, Peng, R, Räisänen, SE, Zenobi, R & Niu, M 2025, 'A sampling method for differentiating breath and ruminal exhaled volatile organic compounds in dairy cows using methane as a marker', JDS Communications , vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 438-443. https://doi.org/10.3168/jdsc.2024-0732

Xu, M, Fu, S, Chen, R, Christensen, CSQ, Chen, C, Fan, Y, Cai, Y, Wang, A & Wong, JWC 2025, 'A scalable surface nanoarchitectonics approach for melaleuca bark-derived biochar: Rapid PFOA removal and superior supercapacitor performance', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 361, 131626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131626

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