Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Andersen, BA , Mogensen, L , Zhen, H & Knudsen, MT 2026, 'Trade-off or synergy: How is the carbon footprint of agricultural food products linked to other environmental impacts?', Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 65, pp. 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.03.006

Abrahamsen, KH, Nielsen, MS, Brandt, NB, Nielsen, AB, Konge, L, Dueholm, M & Ravn, P 2026, 'Training and assessment of competencies in hysteroscopy: A systematic review', European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 318, 114890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.114890

Jensby, EF , Klingenberg, S , Fredsøe, J , Fonfara, KE , Ulhøi, BP , Borre, M , Jochumsen, MR , Bouchelouche, K & Sørensen, KD 2026, 'Training and validation of a novel 14-gene expression signature associated with prostate cancer metastasis and postoperative recurrence', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 158, no. 5, pp. 1406-1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.70247

Nielsen, AB, Nielsen, MK, Wensel, N, Søndergaard, B, Karstensen, JG, Grimstrup, S, Tolsgaard, MG, Anderson, J, Laursen, CB, Konge, L & Laursen, SB 2026, 'Training esophagogastroduodenoscopy skills: a randomized multicenter trial comparing simulation-based training versus clinical training', Endoscopy, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2664-3222

Kamronn, TM , Thomsen, AH, Aftret, SS, Hasselstrøm, JB & Andersen, CU 2026, 'Tramadol-Related Deaths Over a 10-Year Period-An Autopsy Study From Western Denmark', Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol. 138, no. 2, e70191, pp. e70191. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70191

Holm, TE & Balsby, TJS 2026, Trane, overvågning af ynglefugle. DCE, Teknisk anvisning fra Fagdatacenter for Biodiversitet og Terrestrisk Natur, no. A128, vers. 4., Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://ecos.au.dk/fileadmin/ecos/Fagdatacentre/Biodiversitet/TAA128Trane_v4.pdf>

Poletti, V, Piciucchi, S, Johanna, DGA & Ravaglia, C 2026, Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disorders. in Principles and Practice of Interventional Pulmonology. Springer, pp. 285-297. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-80466-3_27

Jacobsen, MR, Overduin, DC, Sørensen, R, Andreotti, F, Schulte, C, Huber, K, Clemmensen, P, Trenk, D, De Backer, O, Aradi, D, Kristensen, SD, Storey, RF, Ten Berg, JM & Geisler, T 2026, 'Transcatheter aortic valve thrombosis', EuroIntervention, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 331-346. https://doi.org/10.4244/EIJ-D-25-00512

Korsgaard, U, Kristensen, MP, Frifeldt, SK, Lindebjerg, J, Hansen, TF , Hager, H & Kristensen, LS 2026, 'Transcriptional profiling of the tumor microenvironment of recurrent and non-recurrent stage II colon cancer', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 5454. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34975-4

Ben Abdallah, H, Daugaard, C, Schøsler, L , Rasmussen, MK , Kibsgaard, L , Høgsberg, T , Johansen, C & Bertelsen, T 2026, 'Transcriptomic profiling reveals distinct molecular signatures among lesion types in hidradenitis suppurativa', Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 16, 1715474. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1715474

Jacobsen, L & Frank, D-A 2026, Transforming the Digital Service Landscape: The Role of Artificial Intelligence. in S Kurtmollaiev, L Lervik-Olsen & TW Andreassen (eds), Exploring Commercial, Social, and Digital Innovation from the Customer Perspective. 1 edn, Routledge, pp. 233-243. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003492047-20

Larsen, ER & van Ackere, A 2026, 'Transitioning to economically viable large-scale electricity storage: Implications for security of supply', Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 141, 119411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.119411

Löfström, E, van der Weijden, I, Smedegaard Ernst Bengtsen, S & Inouye, K 2026, Transitions in Researcher Education and Careers. Routledge.

Toft, DF 2026, 'Translating ambiguous boundaries into coherent stories: What role does different ways of infrastructuring land and sea play in the practices of making the coast actable? ', 7th Nordic STS Conference, Stockholm, Sweden, 11/06/2025 - 13/06/2025 pp. 1.

Horsman, MR & Siemann, DW 2026, 'Translating Preclinical Studies into the Clinic: Assays and Endpoints Selected to Determine Efficacy', Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 386-395. https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-25-0739

Denby, K, Connelly, EDS , Glerup, H , Østgård, R , Egsgaard, AL , Vedsted, P & Appel, CW 2026, 'Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Identification of Spondyloarthritis Questionnaire (IBIS-Q) into Danish for patients with inflammatory bowel disease', Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2026.2645081

Ågård, AS, Jepsen, AT, Frydendal, CK, Donovan, K, Nielsen, TH, Heyland, DK & Nielsen, AH 2026, 'Translation and Cultural Adaption of the Revised ICU Family Satisfaction Questionnaire (FS-ICU-24R) Into Danish', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 4, e70210. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70210

Garcia, MG, Baldi, BBC, Giuberti, P, Chrusciel, JH, Berlaver, ST, Machado, GC, Lodi, MA, Kristensen, CH, Tractenberg, SG, Grassi-Oliveira, R & Viola, TW 2026, 'Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Storm Fear Questionnaire in Brazilian Pregnant Women Exposed to an Extreme Climate Event', Brain sciences, vol. 16, no. 3, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16030288

Nielsen, TG , Lind, M, Petersen, SD & Kristensen, PK 2026, 'Translation, cross-cultural validity and reliability of a Danish version of the Banff Patella Instability Instrument 2.0 (BPII 2.0)', Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics, vol. 13, no. 1, e70649. https://doi.org/10.1002/jeo2.70649

Larsen, SE 2026, Translocal Perspectives: World Literature and Comparative Literature Reconsidered. in Literatura Comparada Ontem e Hoje/Comparative Literature then and now. Edições tinta-da-china, Lisbon, pp. 105-116.

De Dios Andres, P , Garg, A, Alam, R, Westensee, IN , Kjaergaard, M & Städler, B 2026, 'Transmembrane Condensation in Albumin-Loaded Giant Vesicles Induced by an Intrinsically Disordered Protein', ChemSystemsChem, vol. 8, no. 3, e00076. https://doi.org/10.1002/syst.202500076

Rosseel, L, Wunderlich, NC, Berti, S, Aminian, A, Nielsen-Kudsk, JE, Cruz-Gonzalez, I, Räber, L, Nombela-Franco, L, Shuvy, M, Freixa, X, Garot, P & De Backer, O 2026, 'Transseptal Puncture for Left Atrial Appendage Closure: A Consensus Document From the Second European Left Atrial Appendage Club', Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, vol. 5, no. 3, 104190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscai.2025.104190

Karsberg, SH, Holm, T & Buhmann, C 2026, TRAURUS: traumeinformeret rusmiddelbehandling.

Dahl, VN , Fløe, A , Rudolf, F, van Ingen, J, Lillebaek, T & Wejse, CM 2026, 'Treatment and outcomes in patients with non-TB mycobacterial pulmonary disease: a single-centre study', IJTLD open, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11-16. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtldopen.25.0379

Kirkegaard Vaarst, J, Sperling, S, Naestholt Dahl, V , Fløe, A , Noerregaard Gissel, T , Gjoerup, PH, Laursen, CB & Bendstrup, E 2026, 'Treatment management of patients with lung abscess: a retrospective cohort study', European Clinical Respiratory Journal, vol. 13, no. 1, 2604370. https://doi.org/10.1080/20018525.2025.2604370

Falster, C, Egholm, G, Lambrechtsen, J, Andersen, A, Gaist, TA, Bauersach, R, Klok, FA & Vonk-Noordegraaf, A 2026, 'Treatment of acute pulmonary embolism: A comparison of international guideline recommendations', Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 817-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2025.11.021

Zhanel, G, de Rossi, P, Oliva, C & Johansen, TEB 2026, 'Treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: A risk-factor-based approach', Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, vol. 46, pp. 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2025.11.010

Mahdi, MB, Haase, RN, Sander, L, Tuckus, G, Liltorp, DL, Jørgensen, L, Graugaard-Jensen, CH, Weinreich, H, Pennisi, CP & Nielsen, TK 2026, 'Treatment of bulbar urethral strictures with Optilume drug-coated balloons in a previously untreated population (FIRST-CARE): protocol for a single-blind multicentre randomised controlled trial', BMJ Open, vol. 16, no. 1, e103948. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-103948

Sulaiman, A, Dige, A, Nordholm, AH & Lundby, L 2026, 'Treatment of chronic anal fissure in Crohn's disease patients with freshly collected autologous adipose tissue: a pilot study', Techniques in Coloproctology, vol. 30, no. 1, 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10151-025-03230-3

Spanfelt, KF & Jakobsen, JK 2026, 'Treatment of patients referred with Peyronie's disease', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 3, A07250606. https://doi.org/10.61409/A07250606

Leo-Hansen, C, Nielsen, BU, Bryrup, T, Jeppesen, M, Kolpen, M, Jensen, P, Høiby, N, Pressler, T, Johansen, HK, Faurholt-Jepsen, D, Olsen, MF, Jensen, CB, Qvist, T, Katzenstein, T, Bjerrum, S, Fangel-Jensen, S, Mathiesen, IHM, Skov, M & Thomsen, SG 2026, 'Treatment outcomes of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the Danish Cystic Fibrosis Cohort 2012-23', Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 240-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2025.12.008

Langdahl, BL, Lorentzon, M, Borgen, TT, Bajtner, E, Kaarill, T, Alstad, C, Rieem Dun, A, Konradsen, MS, Liseth Hansen, J, Ström, O, Tsitlakidis, E & Moayyeri, A 2026, 'Treatment patterns of romosozumab in postmenopausal women with severe osteoporosis in Denmark: findings from the ROmosozumab in Scandinavia real-world Evidence Study (ROSES)', Osteoporosis International, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-025-07756-y

Winther, R, Sperling, S & Fløe, A 2026, 'Treatment strategies for Mycobacterium avium pulmonary disease', Breathe, vol. 22, no. 1, 250254. https://doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0254-2025

Choden, T, Lindhardt, MKK, Hofmeijer, M, Evers, J, Ghaley, BB & Apeldoorn, DFV 2026, 'Tree-crop combinations and their variable effects on agroecosystem services: A systematic review and meta-analysis of temperate silvoarable agroforestry in the Northern Hemisphere', Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 396, no. 109963, 109963. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGEE.2025.109963

Petersen, AK 2026, 'Tre emeriti leverer et tiltrænkt, men ikke uproblematisk bud på 'Fremtidens universitet'', Science Report. <https://sciencereport.dk/kultur/tre-emeriti-leverer-et-tiltraengt-men-ikke-uproblematisk-bud-paa-fremtidens-universitet/>

Pedersen, RB 2026, 'Trekantsdramaet mellem USA, Kina og Indien', Samfundsfagsnyt, vol. 240, no. 4. 2025, pp. 44-48.

Greve, A , Sørensen, JG , Sejr, MK & Thyrring, J 2026, 'Trematode infection buffers heat stress in blue mussels Mytilus edulis: The role of heat shock proteins', Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 648-657. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70220

Paudel, K, Gautam, K, Niroula, S, Bhusal, S, Wickersham, JA, Sujan, SH, Kc, B, Adhikari, TB & Shrestha, R 2026, 'Trends and burden of tobacco use in Nepal: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease study 1990-2021', Tobacco Prevention & Cessation, vol. 12. https://doi.org/10.18332/tpc217390

Kleer, JS & Rinschen, MM 2026, 'Trends in nephrology: kidney metabolism as a therapeutic target', Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 193-195. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaf155

Meuli, L, Gavali, H, Budtz-Lilly, J, Khashram, M, Lattmann, T, Lopez-Espada, C, Møller, CM, McMillan, N, Ribeiro, TF, Venermo, M & Mani, K 2026, 'Trends in Treatment Strategies and Perioperative Outcomes for Complex Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A VASCUNET Report', European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.08.007

Koffijberg, K, Baumung, S, Bregnballe, T, Enners, L, Frikke, J, Gnep, B, Hansen, MB, Müller, G & Packmor, F 2026, Trends of Breeding Birds in the Wadden Sea 1991-2023 and results of the total count in 2018. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18326676

Lund, P , Maigaard, M , Jensen, MB , Brask, MJ , Thorsteinsson, M , Stephansen, RB , Nielsen, HM , Villumsen, TM , Nørgaard, JV , Jensen, SK , Stødkilde-Jørgensen, L , Hansen, NP & Weisbjerg, MR 2026, 'TRL for nye teknologier og tiltag, som potentielt kan reducere udledningen af metan eller andre klimagasser indenfor Fødevarestyrelsens ressort', No. 2025-0917878, 25 p., Jan 23, 2026. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug.

Allan, E, Wang, Y, de Vernal, A, Gélinas, Y, Mucci, AO, Seidenkrantz, MS & Douglas, PMJ 2026, 'Trophic Changes off Southwest Greenland During the Holocene and Their Influence on Carbon Burial', Geophysical Research Letters, vol. 53, no. 6, e2025GL120012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL120012

Peschel, AO, Bliemer, MCJ & Thøgersen, J 2026, 'True pricing – guiding consumers within a new pricing paradigm', Marketing Letters, vol. 37, no. 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-025-09799-x

Pedersen, RB 2026, Trump ser ikke længere USA som en del af NATO. Tidsskriftet ræson.

Lund, M & Kristiansen, S 2026, Trusting women: Women rhetors in the history of rhetoric. in K Bjørkdahl, L Marie, K Jens & R Hanne (eds), Trustworthiness: The rhetorical history of trust in the Nordics. Nordicom.

Leding, C, Meddis, A, Holler, JG, Burisch, J, Kragstrup, TW, Skov, L & Benfield, T 2026, 'Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Inhibitors, Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, and Bloodstream Infections: Results from a Nationwide Case-Control Study', Clinical Microbiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2026.02.005

Ezugwu, CI, Christensen, FMS, Xiong, X & Wei, Z 2026, 'Tuning adsorption selectivity of H₂S and CO₂ with robust bimetallic metal-organic frameworks', Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 382, 135996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135996

Pramanick, A, Babori, C, Albertini, F, Gjørup, FH, Kumar, A, Jørgensen, MRV & Daniel, L 2026, 'Tuning functional properties of 3-D printed ferroelectric ceramics using different architectures', Journal of the European Ceramic Society, vol. 46, no. 5, 118025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.118025

Nielsen, KH 2026, 'Tvivlsom åbenhed', Weekendavisen, vol. Sektion 4 (Ideer), pp. 5.

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen