Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Berntsen, D , Rubin, D & Salgado, S 2015, 'The frequency of involuntary autobiographical memories and future thoughts in relation to daydreaming, emotional distress, and age', Consciousness and Cognition, vol. 36, pp. 352-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.007

van den Ende, J, Frederiksen, L & Prencipe, A 2015, 'The front end of innovation: Organizing search for ideas', Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 482-487. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12213

Stephenson, RS, Agger, P, Lunkenheimer, PP, Zhao, J, Smerup, MH, Niederer, P, Anderson, RH & Jarvis, JC 2015, 'The functional architecture of skeletal compared to cardiac musculature; myocyte orientation, lamellar unit morphology, and the helical ventricular myocardial band', Clinical Anatomy, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 316-32. https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.22661

Zajac, KJ 2015, 'The Functioning of the United Nations Security Council in light of the Ukrainian Crisis of 2014', A38 Journal of International Law, vol. IV, no. 2.

Kristiansen, MS 2015, The future for the past. in MS Kristiansen, ER & J Graham-Campbell (eds), Medieval Archaeology in Scandinavia and Beyond. History, trends and tomorrow: Proceedings of a conference to celebrate 40 years of medieval archaeology at Aarhus University, 26-27 October 2011. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 57-72.

Renaud, PE, Sejr, MK, Bluhm, BA, Sirenko, B & Ellingsen, IH 2015, 'The future of Arctic benthos: Expansion, invasion, and biodiversity', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 139, pp. 244-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2015.07.007

Harvey, D & Perry, J 2015, The Future of Heritage as Climates Change: Loss, Adaptation and Creativity. Routledge.

Fuchsberger, V, Murer, M, Tscheligi, M, Lindtner, S, Reiter, A, Bardzell, S , Bardzell, J & Bjørn, P 2015, 'The Future of Making: Where Industrial and Personal Fabrication Meet', Aarhus Series on Human Centered Computing, vol. 1, no. 1. <http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/ashcc/article/view/21394/18857>

Hebelstrup, K , Sagnelli, D & Blennow, A 2015, 'The future of starch bioengineering: GM microorganisms or GM plants?', Frontiers in Plant Science, vol. 6, 247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.00247

Baillie, BA 2015, The Future of Tshwane’s Past: Regeneration, Agonism, and the Commemoration of Neglected Pasts.

Munk-Jørgensen, P, Blanner Kristiansen, C, Uwawke, R, Larsen, JI , Okkels, N , Christiansen, B & Hjorth, P 2015, 'The gap between available knowledge and its use in clinical psychiatry', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12512

Summers, JA, Clinch, J, Radhakrishnan, M, Healy, A, McMillan, V, Morris, E, Rua, T, Ofuya, M, Wang, Y, Dimmock, PW, Lewis, C, Peacock, JL & Keevil, SF 2015, 'The geko™ Electro-Stimulation Device for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis: A NICE Medical Technology Guidance', Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-014-0139-0

Proietti, T & Luati, A 2015, 'The generalised autocovariance function', Journal of Econometrics, vol. 186, no. 1, pp. 245–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2014.07.004

Jeffares, DC, Rallis, C, Rieux, A, Speed, D, Prevorovsk, M, Mourier, T, Marsellach, FX, Iqbal, Z, Lau, W & Cheng, TMK 2015, 'The genomic and phenotypic diversity of Schizosaccharomyces pombe', Nature Genetics, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 235-241.

Meysmann, FJR, Risgaard-Petersen, N, Malkin, SY & Nielsen, LP 2015, 'The geochemical fingerprint of microbial long-distance electron transport in the seafloor', Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 152, pp. 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2014.12.014

Adriansen, HK 2015 'The geography of peace: Egyptian land reclamation and agri-cultural cooperation with Israel' AU Library Scholarly Publishing Services, Danmark.

Damkjær, M, Wang, T , Brøndum, E, Østergaard, KH, Baandrup, U, Hørlyck, A , Hasenkam, JM , Smerup, MH , Funder, J, Marcussen, N, Danielsen, CC, Bertelsen, MF, Grøndahl, C, Pedersen, M , Agger, P, Candy, G, Aalkjær, C & Bie, P 2015, 'The giraffe kidney tolerates high arterial blood pressure by high renal interstitial pressure and low glomerular filtration rate', Acta Physiologica, vol. 214, no. 4, pp. 497-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12531

Johansen, SL 2015, 'The Glue of Everyday Life: – children’s playful media practices ', NordMedia, København, Denmark, 13/08/2015 - 15/08/2015.

Larsen, KB (ed.) 2015, The Gospel of John as Genre Mosaic. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.

Khair, T 2015, The Gothic, Postcolonialism and Otherness: Ghosts from Elsewhere. Paperback edition edn, Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Frederiksen, M, Descamps, S, Erikstad, KE, Gaston, AJ, Gilchrist, HG, Johansen, KL, Kolbeinsson, Y, Linnebjerg, J, Mallory, ML, McFarlane Tranquilla, L, Merkel, FR, Montevecchi, WA, Mosbech, A, Reiertsen, TK, Robertson, GJ, Steen, H, Strøm, H & Thórarinsson, TL 2015, 'The grand overview: where do Atlantic thick-billed murres go in winter?', 2nd World Seabird Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 26/10/2015 - 30/10/2015.

Paulsen, L-E 2015, '"The great night of Europe is shot through with long, sinister trains": Transnational memory and European identity in Antonio Muñoz Molina's Sepharad', Forum (Edinburgh), vol. Special Issue 2015, no. 4. <http://www.forumjournal.org/article/view/1199>

Eppinger, PS, Meythaler, N, Sindlinger, M-M & Smolka, M 2015 'The Great Trade Collapse and the Spanish Export Miracle: Firm-level Evidence from the Crisis' Economics Working Papers, no. 2015-10, Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus.

Andersen, TM 2015 'The Greenlandic Economy – Structure and Prospects' Economics Working Papers, no. 2015-14, Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus.

Rackauskaite, G 2015, 'The Gross Motor Function Classification System and it's correlation to accompanying disabilities and treatment of 8-15 year old children with Cerebral Palsy in Denmark.'.

Stelter, R & Ryom, K 2015, 'The group coach as a socializing agent for integration?', FEPSAC 2015, Bern, Switzerland, 13/07/2015 - 17/07/2015. <http://www.fepsac.com/index.php/download_file/-/view/293>

Ahlin, L 2015, 'The Growth of Alternative Therapy: A Valid Argument against the Secularisation Thesis?', Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1081342

Kjærgård, JR 2015, 'The Happiness of All: Balancing Money and Morals in French Revolutionary Human Rights Discourse', Aarhus.

Verde, C, Giordano, D, Russo, R, Altomonte, G, Viappiani, C, Di Prisco, G, Bruno, S & Fago, A 2015, 'The hemoglobins of the Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus', SEB Annual Main Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic, 30/06/2015 - 03/07/2015.

Pedersen, OB, Axel, S, Rostgaard, K, Erikstrup, C, Edgren, G, Nielsen, KR, Ullum, H, Kyvik, KO & Hjalgrim, H 2015, 'The heritability of blood donation: a population-based nationwide twin study', Transfusion, vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 2169-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.13086

Mortensen, MB , Afzal, S, Nordestgaard, BG & Falk, E 2015, 'The high-density lipoprotein-adjusted SCORE model worsens SCORE-based risk classification in a contemporary population of 30 824 Europeans: the Copenhagen General Population Study', European Heart Journal. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv251

Ennibi, OK, Bouziane, A, Poulsen, K, Haubek, D & Benrachadi, L 2015, 'The highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and marginal periodontitis in the primary dentition', Europerio 8, London, United Kingdom, 03/06/2015 - 06/06/2015.

Høgh Kølbæk Kjær, AS , Brinkmann, CR, Dinarello, CA, Olesen, R , Østergaard, LJ , Søgaard, OS , Tolstrup, M & Rasmussen, TA 2015, 'The histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat lowers biomarkers of cardiovascular risk and inflammation in HIV patients', AIDS. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000678

Raja, R 2015, 'The history and current situation of World heritage sities in Syria with special attention to Palmyra.'. <http://www.axsonjohnsonfoundation.org/content/pdf/Cultural-Heritage-at-Risk-Booklet.pdf>

Jørgensen, CM & Nygaard, B 2015, 'The History Manifesto. Et symposium', TEMP. Tidsskrift for historie, vol. 11, pp. 131-132.

Alstrup, AKO 2015, 'THE HISTORY OF LABORATORY ANIMALS AND THE 3RS', 3R-symposium, København, Denmark, 10/11/2015 - 11/11/2015.

Arth, C, Grasset, R, Gruber, L, Langlotz, T, Mulloni, A & Wagner, D 2015 'The History of Mobile Augmented Reality'.

Krieger, J 2015, The History of the Establishment of an Accreditation Scheme for Olympic Doping Laboratories from 1972 to 1985. in R Pardo, T González Aja & P Irureta-Goyena (eds), El Fenómeno del Dopaje desde la Perspectiva de Las Ciencias Sociales: Actas del IV Congreso Internacional 'Deporte, Dopaje y Sociedad'. 1 edn, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, pp. 193-204.

Frederiksen, TK 2015, 'The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Garbled Circuits: Garbled Circuits and their Applications to Maliciously Secure Two-Party Protocols'.

Valentini, C & Tsetsura, K 2015, 'The ‘Holy’ Triad in Media Ethics – A Conceptual Model for Understanding Global Media Ethics', Bledcom 2015 "Sleeping (with) the media", Bled, Slovenia, 03/07/2015 - 04/07/2015.

Gáspár-Szilágyi, S 2015, 'The 'horizontal direct effect' of EU international agreements: Is the Court avoiding a clear answer?', Legal Issues of Economic Integration, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 93-118. <http://www.kluwerlawonline.com/dev/abstract.php?area=Journals&id=LEIE2015007>

Kierkegaard, S , Lund, B , Dalgas, U , Sørensen, H , Søballe, K & Mechlenburg, I 2015, 'The Horsens-Aarhus Femoro Acetabular Impingement (HAFAI) cohort: outcome of arthroscopic treatment for femoroacetabular impingement. Protocol for a prospective cohort study', BMJ Open, vol. 5, no. 9, pp. e008952. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008952

Bross, P 2015, The Hsp60 Chaperonin. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Toft-Petersen, M , Roug, AS , Plesner, TL , Ebbesen, LH, Brown, GD, Hokland, P & Nederby, L 2015, 'The human Myeloid Inhibitory C-type Lectin-like Receptor Aids in Discrimination of Basophils in Peripheral Blood', ESH International Conference on AML, Budapest, Hungary, 10/09/2015 - 12/09/2015.

Lubas, MS , Andersen, PR , Schein, A, Dziembowski, A, Kudla, G & Jensen, TH 2015, 'The Human Nuclear Exosome Targeting Complex Is Loaded onto Newly Synthesized RNA to Direct Early Ribonucleolysis', Cell Reports, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.026

Knudsen, H & Mathiassen, C 2015, 'The human prison? from hierarchy and roles to insistance on complexity and fluidity'.

Jensen, B , Agger, P, de Boer, BA, Oostra, R-J, Pedersen, M, van der Wal, AC, Planken, RN & Moorman, AFM 2015, 'The hypertrabeculated (noncompacted) left ventricle is different from the ventricle of embryos and ectothermic vertebrates', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Molecular Cell Research, vol. 1863, pp. 1696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.018

Numrich, J, Péli-Gulli, M-P, Arlt, H, Sardu, A, Griffith, J, Levine, T, Engelbrecht-Vandré, S, Reggiori, F, De Virgilio, C & Ungermann, C 2015, 'The I-BAR protein Ivy1 is an effector of the Rab7 GTPase Ypt7 involved in vacuole membrane homeostasis', Journal of Cell Science, vol. 128, no. 13, pp. 2278-92. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.164905

Holst, MK & Jensen, P 2015, The idea of the barrow. in MK Holst & M Rasmussen (eds), Skelhøj and the Bronze Age Barrows of Southern Scandinavia Vol. 2: Barrow building and barrow assemblies. Jysk Arkæologisk Selskab, Højbjerg, Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter, vol. 89, pp. 13-52.

Kragstrup, TW , Greisen, S , Nielsen, MA, Rhodes, C, Stengaard-Pedersen, K, Hetland, ML, Horslev-Petersen, K, Junker, P, Ostergaard, M, Hvid, M , Vorup-Jensen, T, Robinson, WH, Sokolove, J & Deleuran, B 2015, 'The IL-20 Receptor Axis in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis', Arthritis & Rheumatology, vol. 67.

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen