Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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San Jose, R, Perez, JL, Balzarini, A, Baro, R, Curci, G, Forkel, R, Galmarini, S, Grel, G, Hirtl, M, Honzak, L, Im, U, Jimenez-Guerrero, P, Langer, M, Pirovano, G, Tuccella, P, Werhahn, J & Zabkar, R 2015, 'Sensitivity of feedback effects in CBMZ/MOSAIC chemical mechanism.', Atmospheric Environment, vol. 115, pp. 646-656.

Lansø, AS , Christensen, JH , Sørensen, LL, Chen, H, Meijer, HAJ & Geels, C 2015, 'Sensitivity of the air–sea CO2 exchange in the Baltic Sea and Danish inner waters to atmospheric short-term variability', Biogeosciences, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2753-2777. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-2753-2015

Lammertsma, EI, Donders, TH, Pearce, C, Cremer, H, Gaiser, EE & Wagner-Cremer, F 2015, 'Sensitivity of wetland hydrology to external climate forcing in central Florida', Quaternary Research, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.09.003

Kuznetsova, A, Brockhoff, PB, Amorim, I, Mielby, LH, Bech, S & Ribeiro de Lima, R 2015, 'SensMixed R package: Easy-to-use application with graphical user interface for analyzing sensory and consumer data within a mixed effects model framework', Pangborn 2015: "11th Pangborn Sensory Science Symposium", Gothenburg, Sweden, 23/08/2015 - 27/08/2015.

Kirkegaard Nielsen, S , Nørremark, M & Green, O 2015, 'Sensor and control for consistent seed drill coulter depth', 20th International Soil Tillage Research Organization Conference (ISTRO) 14-18th, September, 2015 Nanjing, P.R. CHINA, Nanjing, China, 14/09/2015 - 18/09/2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2016.07.029

Enemark, HL 2015, 'Sensor detection of parasite eggs and (oo-)cysts – possibilities and challenges', The 10th Conference RME 2015, 01/04/2015.

Van Der Steen, MC, Jacoby, N, Fairhurst, MT & Keller, PE 2015, 'Sensorimotor synchronization with tempo-changing auditory sequences: Modeling temporal adaptation and anticipation', Brain Research, vol. 1626, pp. 66-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2015.01.053

Jørgensen, D 2015, Sensoriness and Transcendence: On the Aesthetic Possibility of Experiencing Divinity. in SA Christoffersen, GT Hellemo, L Onarheim, NH Petersen & M Sandall (eds), Transcendence and Sensoriness: Perceptions, Revelation, and the Arts. Brill, Studies in Religion and the Arts, vol. 10, pp. 63-85.

Jørgensen, HHL 2015, Sensorium: A Model for Medieval Perception. in The Saturated Sensorium: Principles of Perception and Mediation in the Middle Ages. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 24-71.

Gregersen, SB, J. V. Povey, M, Kidmose, U, D. Andersen, M, Hammershøj, M & Wiking, L 2015, 'Sensory, acoustic and textural properties of cocoa butter alternatives', 13th Euro Fed Lipid Congress, Florence, Italy, 27/09/2015 - 30/09/2015.

Gregersen, SB , Kidmose, U, J. V. Povey, M, Hammershøj, M & Wiking, L 2015, 'Sensory and instrumental evaluation of the sound emission upon breakage of fats', Pangborn 2015: "11th Pangborn Sensory Science Symposium", Gothenburg, Sweden, 23/08/2015 - 27/08/2015.

Knudsen, L 2015, Sensory conflicts may increase limb pain in CRPS by activating mechanisms of general facilitation of nociception. <http://www.bodyinmind.org/sensory-conflicts-crps/>

Damgaard, CK, Sensory Perspective Derek Byrne, 2015, Pictures, Video and sound recordings (digital). <https://youtu.be/tJz0A14RA_s>

Jakobsen, JK 2015, 'Sentinel node biopsy in uro-oncology: a history of the development of a promising concept', Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol. 33, no. 11, pp. 486-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urolonc.2015.08.010

Malmkvist, J, Palme, R, Larsen, T & Hansen, SW 2015, Separating the mink dam from the litter at 7 or 8 weeks after delivery. in Proceedings - NJF Seminar 485 - Autumn Meeting in Fur Animal Research 2015. pp. 157-166.

Tomiolo, S, van der Putten, W & Tielbörger, K 2015, 'Separating the role of biotic interactions and climate in determining adaptive response of plants to climate change', Ecology, vol. 96, no. 5, pp. 1298-1308.

Fu, Y , Young, JF , Dalsgaard, TK & Therkildsen, M 2015, 'Separation of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from bovine connective tissue and their stability towards temperature, pH and digestive enzymes', International Journal of Food Science and Technology, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 1234-1243. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.12771

Liao, D 2015, 'Separation of Distension-Evoked Circular and Longitudinal Muscle Contraction Components in the Esophago-Gastric Junction', OESO, Monaco, Monaco, 31/08/2015 - 03/09/2015.

Naeini, MS, Fister, W, Heckrath, GJ & Kuhn, NJ 2015, 'Separation of dry and wet periods from regular weather station data for the analysis of wind erosion risk', EGU General Assembly 2015, Vienna, Austria, 12/04/2015 - 17/04/2015.

Bosansky, B & Cemak, J 2015, Sequence-Form Algorithm for Computing Stackelberg Equilibria in Extensive-Form Games. in Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press, pp. 805-811, AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Austin Texas, United States, 25/01/2015. <http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/AAAI/AAAI15/paper/view/9610>

Govin, A, Capron, E, Tzedakis, PC, Verheyden, S, Ghaleb, B, Hillaire-Marcel, C, St-Onge, G, Stoner, JS, Bassinot, F, Bazin, L, Blunier, T, Combourieu-Nebout, N, El Ouahabi, A, Genty, D, Gersonde, R, Jimenez-Amat, P, Landais, A, Martrat, B, Masson-Delmotte, V, Parrenin, F, Seidenkrantz, MS, Veres, D, Waelbroeck, C & Zahn, R 2015, 'Sequence of events from the onset to the demise of the Last Interglacial: Evaluating strengths and limitations of chronologies used in climatic archives', Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 129, pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.018

Mosquera, J, Sánchez, MI, Valero Moreno, J, de Mendoza, J, Vázquez, ME & Mascareñas, JL 2015, 'Sequence-selective DNA binding with cell-permeable oligoguanidinium–peptide conjugates', Chemical Communications, vol. 51, pp. 4811-4814. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC09525A

Chiang, C, Beljanski, V, Yin, K, Olagnier, D, Ben Yebdri, F, Steel, C, Goulet, M-L, DeFilippis, VR, Streblow, DN, Haddad, EK, Trautmann, L, Ross, T, Lin, R & Hiscott, J 2015, 'Sequence-Specific Modifications Enhance the Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Response Activated by RIG-I Agonists', Journal of Virology, vol. 89, no. 15, pp. 8011-25. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00845-15

Clouston, R & Goré, R 2015, Sequent Calculus in the Topos of Trees. in A Pitts (ed.), Foundations of Software Science and Computation Structures : 18th International Conference, FOSSACS 2015, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2015, London, UK, April 11-18, 2015, Proceedings. vol. 9034, Springer VS, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 9034, pp. 133-147. <http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-46678-0_9>

Ogawa, H, Cornelius, F, Hirata, A & Toyoshima, C 2015, 'Sequential substitution of K+ bound to Na+,K+-ATPase visualized by X-ray crystallography', Nature Communications.

Clemmensen, TS , Løgstrup, BB , Eiskjær, H & Poulsen, SH 2015, 'Serial changes in longitudinal graft function and implications of acute cellular graft rejections during the first year after heart transplantation', European Heart Journal Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jev133

Povlsen, KK 2015, Serielle medier: metodedesign med systematisk content analysis og næranalyse. in NJ Graakjær & IB Jessen (eds), Selektioner: om udvælgelse af medietekster til analyse. Systime, Aarhus, MÆRKK – Æstetik og Kommunikation, vol. 04, pp. 123-144.

Salovaara-Moring, I 2015, 'Serious Games: Gamification of Digital Journalism', Paper presented at Nordmedia 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark, 13/08/2015 - 15/08/2015.

Ranning, A, Munk Laursen, T, Thorup, A, Hjorthøj, C & Nordentoft, M 2015, 'Serious mental illness and disrupted caregiving for children: A nationwide, register-based cohort study', The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, vol. 76, no. 8, pp. e1006-14. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08931

Pedersen, EMW & Martin, L 2015, Sermon on the Two Kinds of Righteousness. in K Stjerna (ed.), The Annotated Luther: Word and Faith. vol. 2, Fortress Press, Minneapolis, pp. 9-24.

Cremer, SE, Zois, NE, Moesgaard, SG, Ravn, N, Cirera, S, Honge, JL , Smerup, MH , Hasenkam, JM , Sloth, E, Leifsson, PS, Falk, T, Oyama, MA, Orton, C, Martinussen, T & Olsen, LH 2015, 'Serotonin markers show altered transcription levels in an experimental pig model of mitral regurgitation', The Veterinary Journal, vol. 203, no. 2, pp. 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.12.016

Kringel, H, Thamsborg, SM, Petersen, HH, Göring, HHH, Skallerup, P & Nejsum, P 2015, 'Serum antibody responses in pigs trickle-infected with Ascaris and Trichuris: Heritabilities and associations with parasitological findings', Veterinary Parasitology, vol. 211, no. 3-4, pp. 306-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.06.008

Jiang, Z , Zhang, S , Yang, C , Kjems, J, Huang, Y, Besenbacher, F & Dong, MD 2015, 'Serum induced degradation of 3D DNA box origami observed by high speed atomic force microscope', Nano Research, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 2170-2178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0724-z

Jiang, Z , Zhang, S , Yang, C , Zadegan, RM , Kjems, J, Huang, Y, Besenbacher, F & Dong, M 2015, 'Serum-induced degradation of 3D DNA box origami observed with high-speed atomic force microscopy (vol 8, pg 2170, 2015)', Nano Research, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 3446-3446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0848-1

Taylor, B, Ness, RB, Olsen, J, Hougaard, DM, Skogstrand, K, Roberts, JM & Haggerty, C 2015, 'Serum Leptin Measured in Early Pregnancy Is Higher in Women With Preeclampsia Compared With Normotensive Pregnant Women', Hypertension, vol. 65, pp. 594-99. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03979

Hashim Ali Hussein, S , Nielsen, LP , Dolberg, MKB & Dahl, R 2015, 'Serum magnesium and not vitamin D is associated with better QoL in COPD: A cross-sectional study', Respiratory Medicine, vol. 109, no. 6, pp. 727-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2015.03.005

Bach, CC 2015, 'Serum perfluoroalkyl acids and time to pregnancy in nulliparous Danish women', Society for Epidemiologic Research, Denver, Colorado, United States, 16/06/2015 - 19/06/2015.

Bach, CC, Bech, BH , Nohr, EA , Olsen, J, Matthiesen, NB, Bossi, R , Uldbjerg, N , Bonefeld-Jørgensen, EC & Henriksen, TB 2015, 'Serum perfluoroalkyl acids and time to pregnancy in nulliparous women', Environmental Research, vol. 142, pp. ER15950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.08.007

Specht, IO, Bonde, JP, Toft, G, Lindh, CH, Jönsson, BAG & Jørgensen, KT 2015, 'Serum phthalate levels and time to pregnancy in couples from Greenland, Poland and Ukraine', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. e0120070. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120070

Christensen, B , Ludvigsen, M , Nellemann, B, Kopchick, JJ, Honoré, B & Jørgensen, JOL 2015, 'Serum Proteomic Changes after Randomized Prolonged Erythropoietin Treatment and/or Endurance Training: Detection of Novel Biomarkers', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. e0117119. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117119

Nielsen, MK, Vidyashankar, AN, Bellaw, J, Gravatte, HS, Cao, X, Rubinson, EF & Reinemeyer, CR 2015, 'Serum Strongylus vulgaris-specific antibody responses to anthelmintic treatment in naturally infected horses', Parasitology Research, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-014-4201-5

Krejbjerg, A, Bjergved, L, Pedersen, IB , Carlé, A, Knudsen, N, Perrild, H, Ovesen, L, Rasmussen, LB & Laurberg, P 2015, 'Serum thyroglobulin before and after iodization of salt: an 11-year DanThyr follow-up study', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 173, no. 5, pp. 573-81. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-15-0339

Obeid, R 2015, 'Serum unmetabolized folic acid: the straw that broke dihydrofolate reductase's back?', Journal of Nutrition, vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 387-90. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.114.207589

Mylin, AK, Abildgaard, N, Johansen, JS, Heickendorff, L, Kreiner, S, Waage, A, Turesson, I, Gimsing, P & for the Nordic Myeloma Study Group 2015, 'Serum YKL-40: a new independent prognostic marker for skeletal complications in patients with multiple myeloma', Leukemia & Lymphoma, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 2650-9. https://doi.org/10.3109/10428194.2015.1004168

Johansen, JS, Christensen, IJ, Jørgensen, LN, Olsen, J, Rahr, HB, Nielsen, KT, Laurberg, S, Brünner, N & Nielsen, HJ 2015, 'Serum YKL-40 in risk assessment for colorectal cancer: a prospective study of 4,496 subjects at risk of colorectal cancer', Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 621-6. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-1281

Andersen, TC & Bjerrum, TCB 2015, 'Service and Big Data business model in a world of persuasive technologies', Paper presented at Global Wireless Summit 2015, Hyderabad, India, 13/12/2015 - 16/12/2015.

Hansen, JG 2015, 'Se skimmelfund og infektionstryk på ny app', Magasinet Danske Kartofler, vol. maj 2015, pp. 6-7.

Peña-Espinoza, M, Boas, U, Williams, AR, Thamsborg, SM, Simonsen, HT & Enemark, HL 2015, 'Sesquiterpene lactone containing extracts from two cultivars of forage chicory (Cichorium intybus) show distinctive chemical profiles and in vitro activity against Ostertagia ostertagi', International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 191-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.10.002

Thyrring, J , Thomsen, MS , Brunbjerg, AK & Wernberg, T 2015, 'Sessile epibiota in an estuarine ecosystem: effects of environmental and substrate variability', Marine & Freshwater Research, vol. 66, no. 12. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF14311

Rijke, E & Spitters, B 2015, 'Sets in homotopy type theory', Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1172-1202. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960129514000553

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen