Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Liu, T, Zheng, Y, Sun, S, Zhang, W, Jeppesen, E, Chou, Q & Wang, L 2026, 'Elevational and anthropogenic gradients drive divergent assembly mechanisms of free-living and particle-attached bacterioplankton in Chinese lakes', Water Biology and Security. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watbs.2025.100541

Berg, P , Rousing, AQ , Jensen-Fangel, S, Bandulik, S, Warth, R, Sørensen, MV , Jeppesen, M & Leipziger, J 2026, 'Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor corrects salt-wasting in cystic fibrosis', Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2025.12.006

Kjær, AM, Khisa, M & Ndlovu, XA 2026, Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Johansen, IS, Ravn, P, Fløe, A, Koch, A, Wejse, C & Lillebæk, T 2026, 'Eliminering af tuberkulose i Danmark', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 188, no. 7, V06250473. https://doi.org/10.61409/V06250473

Zayed, YNH 2026, 'Embedding Human-Centered Social Design Intentions in Digital Building Models', PhD, Aarhus University.

Olsen, TV 2026, 'Embedsmænds rolle under demokratisk tilbageglidning', Politica - Tidsskrift for politisk videnskab. <https://politica.dk/fileadmin/politica/Dokumenter/early_view/tore_vincents_olsen.pdf>

Platon, A, Nummela, MT, Teisen, H, Dormagen, JB, Bensch, F, Thoren, F, Nagel, LL, Eklöf, H, Koskinen, SK, Beckman, M, Lehmann, H, Leschka, S, Schmidt, S, Alkadhi, H & Poletti, PA 2026, 'Emergency Radiology: Organizational Models in Swiss and Nordic Hospitals', European Journal of Radiology, vol. 194, 112528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112528

Thomsen, PT, Tegner Anker, H & Herskin, MS 2026, 'Emergency slaughter of cattle in the EU: rules and realities', Frontiers in Animal Science, vol. 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2026.1783462

Zinchenko, A, Föcker, J, Schenk, T & Geyer, T 2026, 'Emotional aftereffects in context-guided visual search: evidence from electrodermal activity and respiration', Cognition and Emotion, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2026.2615733

Cassandre, M & Elkjaer, B 2026, 'Emotional aspects of a planned intervention left behind - revisiting a Change Laboratory as a methodology for change', Management Learning.

Lanz, JD 2026, 'Emotions and the Holocaust: A Renewed Historiography', Contemporary European History, vol. 35, no. 43, e43, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777325101380

Maagensen, H, Høyerup, SO, Jensen, JS, Thuesen, ACB, Forman, JL, Thomsen, HH , Vestergaard, H, Knop, FK, Hansen, T, Hædersdal, S, Støy, J & Vilsbøll, T 2026, 'Empagliflozin in HNF1A-MODY (MODY3)-a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial', Diabetes Care. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc25-2572

Massenberg, JR, Jahn, S, Fernández, N, Berghöfer, A, Schröter-Schlaack, C, Kaddatz, B, Sharma, S, Brenner, W, Hansjürgens, B, Aschenbrand, E, Tröger, U, Stöcker, U, Berghöfer, U & Schiller, J 2026, 'Enablers and obstacles for implementing rewilding pathways in socio-ecological systems: Insights from the Oder Delta', AMBIO. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-026-02355-5

Jacobsen, LJ, Weber, KE, Prilop, CN, Huang, Y, Geske, A & Richter, E 2026, 'Enabling Peer Feedback in Teacher Education: The Use of Virtual Reality-Based Microteaching', Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 64, no. 2, 07356331251390698, pp. 275-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/07356331251390698

Skou, BR, González Chávez, CA, Beliatis, M, Johansson , B & Stahre, J 2026, Enabling Servitisation by Balancing Activities and Capabilities in Manufacturing Companies. in H Mizuyama, E Morinaga, T Nonaka, T Kaihara, G von Cieminski & D Romero (eds), Advances in Production Management Systems. Cyber-Physical-Human Production Systems: Human-AI Collaboration and Beyond. APMS 2025. Springer, Cham, I F I P Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol. 766, pp. 504-518, 44th IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, APMS 2025, Kamakura, Japan, 31/08/2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-03538-7_36

Dindler, C , Iversen, OS , Bossen, C , Kaspersen, MH & Dalsgaard, P 2026, Enacting Utopias: A Participatory Design Approach to AI. in Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference 2026 (PDC '26). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA.

Sandager, J 2026, Enchanting Edu-Futures: Glitter, Happy Objects and the Governance of Girls' Science Aspirations. in R Laursen & M Madsen (eds), Education and The Politics of Time: Temporal Governance in Teaching and Learning. Springer, Cham, pp. 275-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-09590-9_15

Cardoso, L, Tirapelli, C, de Freitas, BN, Ayres, G, Borges, MSN & Pedrazzi, V 2026, 'Endocrown and intraoral scanning: a segmented analysis of mesh trueness from six scanners', Journal of Dentistry, vol. 166, 106310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106310

Claahsen-Van der Grinten, HL, Gravholt, CH, White, EK, Brösamle, M, Breen, L, Smyth, A, Persani, L, Hiort, O, Lindén Hirschberg, A, Gradone, A, Nordenström, A, Strandqvist, A, Bachelot, A, Brachet, C, Bouvattier, C, Chanson, P, Capalbo, D, Russo, G, Mantovani, G, Christesen, H, Martinerie, L, Clemente León, M, Fuchs, M, Niedziela, M, Salerno, M, Wabitsch, M, Cools, M, Skordis, N, Bonfig, W, Hannema, S, Riedl, S, O’Connell, S, Sas, T & Iotova, V 2026, 'ENDO-ERN expert opinion: addressing the endocrine needs in considering genital surgery in disorders/differences in sex development individuals in Europe', European Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 194, no. 2, pp. 217-224. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejendo/lvag009

Darfelt, IS , Nielsen, AH, Klepstad, P & Neergaard, MA 2026, '"End-of-Life Care Is as Important as Any Other Lifesaving Task": A Scandinavian Survey Study', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 2, e70178. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70178

Jadhav, AP, Silva, GS, Leng, X, Simonsen, CZ, Rabinstein, AA & Liebeskind, DS 2026, 'Endovascular Therapy for Extensive Infarction in Acute Ischemic Stroke', Journal of Stroke, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 46-57. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2025.01431

Zhou, T, Zhou, Y, Cömert, C , Zhou, X-Y , Lin, L , Bolund, L , Palmfeldt, J , Luo, Y , Bross, P & Tong, G 2026, 'Energy metabolism alteration and gene expression reprogramming in a cell model of high fat load non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', BMC Gastroenterology, vol. 26, no. 1, 160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-026-04658-z

Nielsen, KH 2026, 'En flaske pr. mail', Weekendavisen, vol. Sektion 4 (Ideer), pp. 5.

Larsen, LV 2026, Engaging Consumers with Immersive Marketing Strategies. in Digital Marketing in Practice: Design, Implement and Measure Effective Campaigns. 2 edn, Kogan Page, London, pp. 176-194.

Aspari, M, Ong, V, Søndergaard, K , Næser, E , Hvid, M, Ravnskjaer, K, Tam, AYY, Xu, S, Bian, X, Lopez, H, Denton, CP, Abraham, D, Deleuran, B & Greisen, SR 2026, 'Engaging the PD-1 pathway in systemic sclerosis attenuates inflammation-driven fibrosis', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2026.01.008

Zhu, C, Sun, Z, Wu, Q, Wang, F, Zhang, L, Wang, W, Ding, Y & Li, H 2026, 'Engineered Bacterial Biomaterials for Augmenting Adoptive Immune Cell Therapy Against Solid Tumors', Advanced Materials, vol. 38, no. 16, e22140. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202522140

Mamun, FA, Kumar, R, Männisalu, LB, Zhong, J , Bester, K, Espenberg, M, Rao, A, Appels, L, Dewil, R & Zekker, I 2026, 'Enhanced anammox biofilm-mediated nitrogen and pharmaceuticals removal under anoxic conditions', Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 82, 109387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.109387

Graham, R, Wain, BH, Clark, RA, Bemmer, VL, Borin, GP, Avilan, L, Rudge, EM, Lahive, CW, Shaver, MP & Pickford, AR 2026, 'Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated polyester textile at high solids loading through fusion with a carbohydrate binding module', Bioresource Technology, vol. 446, 134174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2026.134174

Gholipour, A , Kisielius, V, Fragoso, R, Galvão, A, Duarte, E & Carvalho, PN 2026, 'Enhanced removal of organic micropollutants in earthworm-assisted sludge treatment reed beds', Water Research, vol. 291, 125168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.125168

Loyeau, PA, Spotti, ML, Castel, V, Acosta-Müller, C, Acosta, CA, Fioramonti, S, Vinderola, G & Spotti, MJ 2026, 'Enhanced viability of encapsulated probiotics using whey protein isolate-dextran conjugates: Effect of dextran molar mass', International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol. 343, no. Part 1, 150357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150357

Wang, P, Liu, C, Zhang, K, Hu, J, Kuang, J & Zheng, M 2026, 'Enhanced zincate ion transport by expanding layer spacing of layered double hydroxides in the negative electrode of alkaline zinc-based flow battery', Journal of Power Sources, vol. 666, 239113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.239113

Peronard, J-PDC 2026, 'Enhancing graduate students’ employability: an enacted-resilience framework', Recent Advances in Retailing and Consumer Science Conference, Berlin, Germany, 13/07/2026 - 16/07/2026.

Myhre, PL, Lindberg, F, Løgstrup, BB, Ingimarsdottir, IJ, Vistnes, M, Schjødt, I, Ljungman, C, Savarese, G, Dridi, NP, Einarsson, H, Mellberg, T, Berge, K, Mebazaa, A & Lund, LH 2026, 'Enhancing Heart Failure Care Through Registries: Lessons Learned from Nordic Countries' Implementation of Guidelines', European Journal of Heart Failure. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejhf/xuag060

Prilop, CN , Gregersen, RM & Nielsen, BL 2026, 'Enhancing pre-service teachers’ relational noticing: Comparing collaborative, individual, and GenAI-enhanced video-based reflection models', NERA (The Nordic Educational Research Association) Conference 2026, Aarhus, Denmark, 04/03/2026 - 06/03/2026.

Nielsen, JV 2026, Enigma. in Den store danske. <https://lex.dk/Enigma_(kodemaskine)>

Ivanov, I, Johansen, W & Libaert, T 2026, 'Enjeux contemporains de la communication de crise', Communication & Organisation, no. 68, pp. 11-23.

Nielsen, JV 2026, 'En nekrolog over retten til privatliv i Danmark', Politiken, kroniken. <https://politiken.dk/debat/kroniken/art10608714/Privatlivet-er-ikke-blevet-dr%C3%A6bt-af-fjender.-Det-er-blevet-dr%C3%A6bt-af-vores-egne-politikere>

Staunæs, D , Brøgger, K & Hvenegård-Lassen, K 2026, 'En replik om performativ feminisme, oversættelse og epistemisk vold', Kvinder, Køn & Forskning.

Nielsen, KH 2026, 'En skjult hvidhed', Weekendavisen, vol. Sektion 4 (Ideer), pp. 5.

Glass, RG 2026, Enslaved Characters and ‘Home’ in LXX Genesis 24 and Greek Tobit. in J Hull, P Kim & M Warner (eds), Home, Exile, Return, and Diaspora in Genesis: Intertextual Interpretations.

Thestrup, K, Shumar, W & Robinson, S 2026, 'Entangled Education: Beyond the analogue/digital binary',
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Østergaard, LEJ , Qerama, E , Bue, M & Stilling, M 2026, 'Entrapment of the median nerve within the radius following diaphyseal antebrachial fractures treated with nail osteosynthesis in two paediatric patients', BMJ Case Reports, vol. 19, no. 1, e265860. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2025-265860

Zhao, X & Lucani Rötter, DE 2026, EntroGD: Scalable Generalized Deduplication for Efficient Direct Analytics on Compressed IoT Data. in IEEE INFOCOM Workshops. IEEE.

Brunner, I, Frey, B, Briones, MJI, Cortet, J, Filser, J, Frossard, A, Jones, DL, Krogh, PH, Mikola, J, Schmidt, O, Sousa, JP, Desie, E, Domene, X, Djuric, S, Hackenberger, D, Iamandei, M, Jiménez, JJ, Rissmann, C, Shanskiy, M, Silfver, T, Vancampenhout, K, Vasutova, M, Velizarova, E, Stierli, B, Dawes, M & Cuartero, J 2026, 'Environmental drivers of litter- and soil-dwelling springtail communities across European forests, assessed by morphotaxonomy and soil DNA metabarcoding', Applied Soil Ecology.

Schindler, AR, Fox, AD, Walsh, AJ, Griffin, L, Kelly, SBA & Weegman, MD 2026, 'Environmental drivers of metapopulation dynamics throughout the full annual cycle in a declining Arctic-nesting migratory herbivore', Journal of Animal Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.70236

Vaz, J, Coria, J & Inkinen, V 2026, 'Environmental offsetting: What drives the choice of offset mechanism in the US Wetland Mitigation Program?', Ecological Economics, vol. 239, 108755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108755

Ambec, S & Coria, J 2026, 'Environmental regulation informed by biased stakeholders', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103334

Sapkota, R , Pan, Y, Naglič, V, Ellegaard-Jensen, L , Krogh, PH & Winding, A 2026, 'Environmental RNA and DNA metabarcoding of soil fauna reveal complementary insights into biodiversity and limited effect of nitrification inhibitors', Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 222, pp. 106996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2026.106996

Fage-Butler, A 2026, 'Environmental sustainability communication and evolutions in formulaic language', HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business.

Lieberkind, J 2026, En ydmyg og pragmatisk ungdom. in SB Wehl (ed.), Utopia: Om unges forestillingsevne og fremtidshåb. Økotopia, pp. 64-75.

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen