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Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Olesen, F 2015, 'Placebo og migrænebehandling', Månedsskrift for Almen Praksis, vol. 93, no. 12, pp. 1055-1060. <http://www.maanedsskriftet.dk/mpl/2015/232/11438/>
Stærk, M 2015, 'Placement of the Left Side AED Pad is Poor: Training on the Left Compared to the Right Side of a Manikin Does Not Improve Pad Placement', American Heart Association Scientific Sessions, Orlando, United States, 07/11/2015 - 11/11/2015.
Swanson, HA 2015, Placing a Golden Spike at the Golden Spike: Railroads in the Making of the Anthropocene. in D Hannah & S Krajewski (eds), Placing the Golden Spike: Landscapes of the Anthropocene. INOVA (Institute of Visual Arts), University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, pp. 102-111.
Skiveren, T 2015, 'Planen slog fejl', Jyllands-Posten, pp. 19.
Mullally, F, Coughlin, JL, Thompson, SE, Rowe, J, Burke, C, Latham, DW, Batalha, NM, Bryson, ST, Christiansen, J, Henze, CE, Ofir, A, Quarles, B, Shporer, A, Van Eylen, V, Van Laerhoven, C, Shah, Y, Wolfgang, A, Chaplin, WJ, Xie, J-W, Akeson, R, Barclay, T, Borucki, WJ, Caldwell, DA, Campbell, JR, Catanzarite, JH, Cochran, WD, Duren, RM, Girouard, FR, Haas, MR, Howell, SB, Huber, D, Gautier, TNIII, Jenkins, JM, Li, J, Lissauer, JJ, Morris, RL, Patil-Sabale, A, Quintana, EV, Ramirez, S, Silva Aguirre, V, Seader, S, Smith, JC, Still, M, Tenenbaum, P, Twicken, JD & Zamudio, KA 2015, 'Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VI. Planet Sample from Q1--Q16 (47 Months)', Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 217, pp. 31. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/31
Rowe, JF, Coughlin, JL, Antoci, V, Barclay, T, Batalha, NM, Borucki, WJ, Burke, CJ, Bryson, ST, Caldwell, DA, Campbell, JR, Catanzarite, JH, Christiansen, JL, Cochran, W, Gilliland, RL, Haas, MR, Henze, CE, Hoffman, KL, Howell, SB, Huber, D, Hunter, RC, Jang-Condell, H, Jenkins, JM, Latham, DW, Li, J, Lissauer, JJ, McCauliff, SD, Morris, RL, Mullally, F, Ofir, A, Quarles, B, Quintana, E, Sabale, A, Seader, S, Shporer, A, Smith, JC, Tenenbaum, P, Thompson, SE, Twicken, JD, Wolfgang, A & Zamudio, KA 2015, 'Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. V. Planet Sample from Q1–Q12 (36 Months)', Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol. 217, no. 1, pp. 16. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/217/1/16
Ravn, HW, Mondolot, L, Kelly, MT & Lykke, AM 2015, 'Plantamajoside - A current review.', Phytochemistry Letters, vol. 12, pp. 42-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2015.02.002
Jakobsen, H, Markager, S, Hansen, JW & Carstensen, J 2015, Planteplankton, dyreplankton og sigtdybde. in Marine områder 2013: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 123, pp. 45-55. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR123.pdf>
Jakobsen, H, Markager, S & Carstensen, J 2015, Planteplankton, dyreplankton og vandets klarhed. in JW Hansen (ed.), Marine områder 2014: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 167, pp. 43-57. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR167.pdf>
Taiz, L, Zeiger, E, Møller, IM & Murphy, A 2015, Plant Physiology and Development. 6th edn, Sinauer Associates.
Partavian, A, Mikkelsen, TN & Vestergård, M 2015, 'Plants increase laccase activity in soil with long-term elevated CO2 legacy', European Journal of Soil Biology, vol. 70, pp. 97-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.08.002
Green, L, Gammon, D, Hoffman, M, Cohen, JB, Hilgart, A, Morrell, R, Verran, H & Wheat, N 2015, 'Plants, people and health: Three disciplines at work in Namaqualand', South African Journal of Science, vol. 111, no. 9/10. https://doi.org/10.17159/ sajs.2015/20140276
Jeurnink, SM, Ros, MM, Leenders, M, van Duijnhoven, FJB, Siersema, PD, Jansen, EHJM, van Gils, CH, Bakker, MF, Overvad, K, Roswall, N, Tjønneland, A, Boutron-Ruault, M-C, Racine, A, Cadeau, C, Grote, V, Kaaks, R, Aleksandrova, K, Boeing, H, Trichopoulou, A, Benetou, V, Valanou, E, Palli, D, Krogh, V, Vineis, P, Tumino, R, Mattiello, A, Weiderpass, E, Skeie, G, Castaño, JMH, Duell, EJ, Barricarte, A, Molina-Montes, E, Arguelles, M, Dorronsoro, M, Johansen, D, Lindkvist, B, Sund, M, Crowe, FL, Khaw, K-T, Jenab, M, Fedirko, V, Ríboli, E & Bueno-de-Mesquita, HBA 2015, 'Plasma carotenoids, vitamin C, retinol and tocopherols levels and pancreatic cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: A nested case-control study: Plasma micronutrients and pancreatic cancer risk', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 136, no. 6, pp. E665-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29175
Chajès, V, Biessy, C, Ferrari, P, Romieu, I, Freisling, H, Huybrechts, I, Scalbert, A, Bueno de Mesquita, B, Romaguera, D, Gunter, MJ, Vineis, P, Hansen, CP, Jakobsen, MU, Clavel-Chapelon, F, Fagherazzi, G, Boutron-Ruault, M-C, Katzke, V, Neamat-Allah, J, Boeing, H, Bachlechner, U, Trichopoulou, A, Naska, A, Orfanos, P, Pala, V, Masala, G, Mattiello, A, Skeie, G, Weiderpass, E, Agudo, A, Huerta, JM, Ardanaz, E, Sánchez, MJ, Dorronsoro, M, Quirós, JR, Johansson, I, Winkvist, A, Sonested, E, Key, T, Khaw, K-T, Wareham, NJ, Peeters, PHM & Slimani, N 2015, 'Plasma Elaidic Acid Level as Biomarker of Industrial Trans Fatty Acids and Risk of Weight Change: Report from the EPIC Study', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. e0118206. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118206
Nimptsch, K, Aleksandrova, K, Boeing, H, Janke, J, Lee, Y-A, Jenab, M, Yeon Kong, S, Tsilidis, KK, Weiderpass, E, Bueno-De-Mesquita, BH, Siersema, PD, Jansen, EHJM, Trichopoulou, A, Tjønneland, A, Olsen, A, Wu, C, Overvad, K, Boutron-Ruault, M-C, Racine, A, Freisling, H, Katzke, V, Kaaks, R, Lagiou, P, Trichopoulos, D, Severi, G, Naccarati, A, Mattiello, A, Palli, D, Grioni, S, Tumino, R, Peeters, PH, Ljuslinder, I, Nyström, H, Brändstedt, J, Sánchez, M-J, Barricarte Gurrea, A, Bonet Bonet, C, Chirlaque, M-D, Dorronsoro, M, Quirós, JR, Travis, RC, Khaw, K-T, Wareham, N, Riboli, E, Gunter, MJ & Pischon, T 2015, 'Plasma Fetuin-A concentration, genetic variation in the AHSG gene and risk of colorectal cancer', International Journal of Cancer, vol. 137, no. 4, pp. 911-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29448
Clemmensen, SN, Glenthøj, AJ, Heebøll, S, Nielsen, HJ, Koch, C & Borregaard, N 2015, 'Plasma levels of OLFM4 in normals and patients with gastrointestinal cancer', Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (Online). https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.12679
Nielsen, KH 2015, Plast. in H Kragh & KH Nielsen (eds), 50 opfindelser: Højdepunkter i teknologien. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, pp. 171-175.
Kjærsgaard, A, Blanckenhorn, W, Pertoldi, C, Loeschcke, V, Kaufmann, C, Hald, B, Pagès, N & Bahrndorff, S 2015, 'Plasticity in behavioural responses and resistance to temperature stress in Musca domestica', Animal Behaviour, vol. 99, pp. 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.11.003
Gilbert, GE, Novakovic, VA, Shi, J, Rasmussen, J & Pipe, SW 2015, 'Platelet binding sites for factor VIII in relation to fibrin and phosphatidylserine', Blood, vol. 126, no. 10, pp. 1237-1244. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2015-01-620245
Fox, AD 2015, 'Plenary talk: The influence of climate on goose migration ecology', North American Arctic Goose Conference, Winnipeg, Canada, 15/04/2015 - 17/04/2015.
Jakobsen, RS 2015, Pligten til Gud eller pligten til kongen? Holger Rosenkrantz og adelsidealer i første halvdel af 1600-tallet. in B Andersen, AS Madsen & SW Hansen (eds), Herregårdshistorie 10. vol. 10, Gammel Estrup, Jyllands Herregårdsmuseum, Gammel Estrup - Herregårdsmuseet, pp. 27-35.
Vestergård, GL 2015, Ploven. in KH Nielsen & H Kragh (eds), 50 opfindelser: Højdepunkter i teknologien. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 50 højdepunkter.
Tarp, S 2015, 'Pocas veces', Estudios de Lexicografía, no. 1, pp. 14. <http://issuu.com/ldvp/docs/version_1.1_elex_febrero>