Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Lildballe, DL, Huno, MR, Ridder, LOR , Balle, CM , Drue, SO , Berglund, A, Dunø, M, Bak, EN , Viuff, MH , Rasmussen, LS & Gravholt, CH 2026, 'Genetic diagnosis of CYP21A2-related CAH: adaptive sampling long-read sequencing is an accurate and scalable solution', European Journal of Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-026-02019-8

Skovdal, SM, Stensvold, CR, Nielsen, HV, Nielsen, SE, Hjortdal, J & Ivarsen, A 2026, 'Genetic diversity of Acanthamoeba and clinical outcome predictors in Danish patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis', Acta Ophthalmologica, vol. 104, no. 1, pp. 44-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.17527

Winzig, F , De Keukeleere, K, Bartholomeus, E, Deconinck, N, Barrea, C, Matthijs, I, Jansen, AC, Verhelst, H, Dielman, C, Kuznetsova, M, Ha, M, Suls, A, van der Sluis, RM, Ogunjimi, B & Mogensen, TH 2026, 'Genetic landscape of a cohort of children with varicella-zoster virus encephalitis, cerebellitis and stroke', The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 233, no. 3, pp. 510-520. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf448

Østergaard, SD , Speed, M , Hall, ASM , Agerbo, E & Musliner, KL 2026, 'Genetic liability to mental disorders and being delivered via cesarean section', Psychiatry Research, vol. 356, 116871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116871

Farver, CW 2026, 'Genklangen som metode: Noter fra en samoversættelse af Chantal Akerman', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 90-97.

Strom, NI, Verhulst, B, Bacanu, SA, Cheesman, R, Purves, KL, Gedik, H, Mitchell, BL, Kwong, AS, Faucon, AB, Singh, K, Medland, S, Colodro-Conde, L, Krebs, K, Hoffmann, P, Herms, S, Gehlen, J, Ripke, S, Awasthi, S, Palviainen, T, Tasanko, EM, Peterson, RE, Adkins, DE, Shabalin, AA, Adams, MJ, Iveson, MH, Campbell, A, Thomas, LF, Winsvold, BS, Drange, OK, Børte, S, ter Kuile, AR, Naamanka, J, Nguyen, TH, Meier, SM, Corfield, EC, Hannigan, L, Levey, DF, Czamara, D, Weber, H, Choi, KW, Pistis, G, Stein, DJ, Wang, X, Byrne, EM, Wray, NR, Woldbye, DP, Mors, O , Børglum, AD , Mortensen, PB, Mattheisen, M, Veterans Affairs Million Veteran Program, FinnGen & 23andMe Research Team 2026, 'Genome-wide association study of major anxiety disorders in 122,341 European-ancestry cases identifies 58 loci and highlights GABAergic signaling', Nature Genetics, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 275-288. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02485-8

Mattheisen, M , Strom, NI & Nordic OCD and Related Disorders Consortium (NORDiC) 2026, 'Genome-Wide Association Study of Symptom Change Following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Common Mental Disorders', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.70015

Su, L, Teske, AP, Marshall, IPG, Zeng, Z, Wang, Y, Konhauser, KO, Li, Y, Hou, S & Li, J 2026, 'Genomic adaptation strategies to habitat switching in Korarchaeota', Science Advances, vol. 12, no. 2, eaea1035. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aea1035

Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine 2026, 'Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of aortic stenosis enhance therapeutic target discovery and disease prediction', Nature Genetics, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-025-02417-6

Roer, L, Rasmussen, A, Hansen, F, Christoffersen, LEB, Sieber, R, Scheutz, F, Hendriksen, RS, Johnston, BD, Johnson, JR, Holzknecht, BJ, Søes, L, Schønning, K, Holmgaard, DB, Justesen, US, Østergaard, C, Søndergaard, TS, Nielsen, MTK, Wang, M, Nielsen, HL, Abraham, S, Park, DE, Aziz, M, Price, LB, Hammerum, AM, Hasman, H & Stegger, M 2026, 'Genomic characterization and sub-clustering of Escherichia coli clonal complex 38 reveal host associated genetic markers', Communications Medicine, vol. 6, no. 1, 126. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-026-01402-2

Bordbar, F, Jensen, J, Wadood, AA, Jebessa, E, Cai, B & Nie, Q 2026, 'Genomic insights into egg production in Mahuang chickens: identification of key loci and candidate genes through whole genome sequencing and validation', Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience, vol. 20, no. 3, 101762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2026.101762

Vassy, JL, Profile Steering Committee, IMPACT Study Steering Committee and Collaborators, PRACTICAL consortium & VA Million Veteran Program 2026, 'Genomic risk model to implement precision prostate cancer screening in clinical care: the ProGRESS study', Nature Cancer, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 352-367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43018-025-01103-0

Blok, R, Zhemchuzhnikov, MK, Oortwijn, T, Hansen, J, Johnson, JA, Schmidt, NM, van Bleijswijk, JDL, Zhemchuzhnikova, E, Lameris, TK, Reneerkens, J, Versluijs, T, Pohlen, ZM & van Gils, JA 2026, 'Geographic Variation in the Diet of Red Knot (Calidris canutus) Chicks Reflects Local Prey Communities', Journal of Biogeography, vol. 53, no. 3, e70189. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.70189

Thomsen, C, Truumees, B, Nielsen, S, Nielsen, BS, Jensen, SRN , Thorsen, K & Røge, R 2026, 'GeoMx and RNAscope: A Comparative Assessment of Their Utility for Spatial mRNA Expression Profiling in Formalin-Fixed Breast Cancer Tissue', Cytometry Part A, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.70020

Robbe, JR 2026, 'Gerdt Corneliussen Bacher (1776-1858): Den sidste ‘hollandsktalende’ på Amager', Danske Studier.

Abbel, D, Luijten, D, Cannegieter, SC, Eikenboom, J, den Exter, PL, Klok, FA, de Groot, B, Gussekloo, J, Huisman, MV, van Mens, TE, Tahir, L, Portielje, JEA, Trompet, S & Mooijaart, SP 2026, 'Geriatric characteristics and outcomes of older patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism in the emergency department', Thrombosis Update, vol. 22, 100232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tru.2026.100232

Krogh, S 2026, Germanismen im gesprochenen Ostjiddisch. in A Ziegler (ed.), Akten des XV. IVG-Kongresses 2025 in Graz. University Graz Library Publishing, Graz.

Zhang, J, So, R, Lawlor, C, Bergmann, M, Pira, K, Napolitano, GM, Andersson Nystedt, T, Brandt, J , Frohn, LM , Ketzel, M, Oudin, A, Lim, YH, Loft, S, Malmqvist, E, Pedersen, M & Jovanovic Andersen, Z 2026, 'Gestational exposure to ambient air pollution with black carbon and birthweight: A register-based nationwide birth cohort in Denmark', Environmental Pollution, vol. 396, 127908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.127908

Petrakis, V & Salgarella, E 2026, Getting to know Linear A: An historiographic introduction. in E Salgarella & V Petrakis (eds), The Wor(l)ds of Linear A: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Documents and Inscriptions of a Cretan Bronze Age Script . University of Athens Press, Athens, pp. 27-34. <https://epub.lib.uoa.gr/index.php/aura/article/view/2642>

Amiri, SV, Muhammad, MGF & Venzo, A 2026, 'Giant pilomatrixoma of the scapular region in a child', BMJ Case Reports, vol. 19, no. 1, e267759. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2025-267759

Hawkings, JR, Bradley, JA, Doting, EL, Hassan, N, Hendry, KR, Holt, AD, Hood, E, Spencer, RGM, Stibal, M, Tranter, M, Venturelli, RA, Wadham, JL & Bhatia, MP 2026, 'Glacier biogeochemical cycling and downstream impacts', Nature Reviews Earth and Environment, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 124-143. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00751-1

Bodin, S, Talon, J, Frederiksen, JA, Ullmann, C, Andrieu, S , Krencker, FN , Fantasia, A , Danisch, J & Kabiri, L 2026, 'Glacio-eustasy during the early Bajocian peak cooling events (Middle Jurassic)', Global and Planetary Change, vol. 261, 105433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2026.105433

Petersen, AK 2026, Glem religion som tro. Tænk nyt. in JBM Cederfeldt, AT Grønkjær & JR Uldall (eds), Religion og idéhistorie. Baggrund, København, pp. 286-300.

Backer, V, Aanæs, K, Larsen, BI, Haase, C, Homøe, AS, Tidemandsen, J, Ovesen, T , Madzak, A, Samuelsen, G, Andersen, JH, Meyer, LC, Petersen, KB, Hermanrud, T, Schousboe, LP, Pedersen, CK, Hansen, K, Pauli, S, Filtenborg, MV, Lange, B, Homøe, P, von Buchwald, C & Kjeldsen, A 2026, 'Global airways: a Danish nationwide real-life registry of biologic therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps', Frontiers in Allergy, vol. 6, 1735943. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2025.1735943

Julsgaard, M & Global Consensus Group for Pregnancy in IBD 2026, 'Global consensus statement on the management of pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease', Gut, vol. 75, no. 2, pp. 208-251. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2025-336402

Mahadevan, U, Seow, CH, Barnes, EL, Chaparro, M, Flanagan, E, Friedman, S, Julsgaard, M, Kane, S, Ng, S, Torres, J, Watermeyer, G, Yamamoto-Furusho, J, Robinson, C, Fisher, S, Anderson, P, Gearry, R, Ďuricová, D, Dubinsky, M, Long, M & Global Consensus Group for Pregnancy and IBD 2026, 'Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease', The American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 121, no. 1, 10.14309/ajg.0000000000003651, pp. 31-79. https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000003651

Hallinan, B, Trillò, T, Mizoroki, S, Scharlach, R, Park, PH, Green, A & Shifman, L 2026, 'Global creator culture? Converging values and generic practices in YouTube reviews', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 31, no. 1, zmaf024, pp. 1. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaf024

Hansen, CR, Tadic, T, Sharma, M, Price, G, Petersen, J, Naser, MA, Xiao, Y, Kovalchuk, N, Lassen, P , Overgaard, J, McDowell, L, Ramachandran, P, Kim, JW, Fuller, CD, Thomson, DJ, Johansen, J, Friborg, J, Yom, SS & Hope, A 2026, 'Global Dose Prescription Variances Exemplified Through Oropharynx Cancer: When Is 70 Gray 70 Gray?', International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2026.01.023

Guo, WY, Serra-Diaz, JM, Guo, K, Boonman, CCF, Schrodt, F, Maitner, BS, Merow, C, Violle, C, Anand, M, Bruun, HHK, Byun, C, Catford, JA, Cerabolini, BEL, Chacón-Madrigal, E, Ciccarelli, D, Dang-Le, AT, Dias, AS, Giroldo, AB, Gutiérrez, AG, Jansen, S, Kattge, J, Kindt, R, Klein, T, Kramer, K, Lusk, CH, Martin, AR, Michaletz, ST, Minden, V, Mori, AS, Niinemets, Ü, Onoda, Y, Peñuelas, J, Pisek, J, Robroek, BJM, Schamp, B, Soudzilovskaia, NA, Thiffault, N, van der Plas, F, Enquist, BJ & Svenning, JC 2026, 'Global functional shifts in trees driven by alien naturalization and native extinction', Nature Plants, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 308-318. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-025-02207-2

Sun, S, Cotrufo, MF, Viscarra Rossel, RA, Mueller, CW, Kida, M, Hardie, AG, Mackay, A, Krichels, AH, Amelung, W, Kumar, A, Suleymanov, A, Shi, B, Cosby, BJ, Plaza, C, Terrer, C, Liang, C, Liao, C, Just, C, Guo, D, Lugato, E, Hou, E, Ding, F, Zhao, F, Tao, F, Maestre, FT, Bilotto, F, Wu, F, García, GV, Luo, G, Han, G, Studdert, GA, Hernandez-Ramirez, G, Niu, G, Piñeiro, G, Saiz, G, Zhang, H, Abdelrahman, H, Xu, H, Lebron, I, Kurganova, I, Blesh, J, Kristensen, JÅ, Liu, J, Zhou, J, Wu, J, Ahirwal, J, Cao, J, Olesen, JE, Kauer, K, Georgiou, K, van Groenigen, KJ, Van Oost, K, Frimpong, KA, Deng, L, Benning, LG, Guo, L, Mujuru, L, Delgado-Baquerizo, M, Dor, M, Rahmati, M, Luo, M, Kalinina, O, Hyvärinen, O, García-Palacios, P, Hansen, P, Rounak, P, Duan, P, Zhao, P, Homyak, PM, Ghimire, R, Žydelis, R, Bol, R, Vibart, R, Chang, R, Luo, R, Villarino, S, Xue, S, Niu, S, Chen, S, Yu, T, Hall, SJ, Kätterer, T, Ge, T, Mbanjwa, VE, Semenov, VM, Liu, W, Shi, W, Zhang, W, Wanek, W, Buss, W, Cheng, X, Lu, X, Shi, X, Cheng, X, Wei, X, Liu, X, Zhou, X, Kooch, Y, Zhong, Y, Cai, Y, Yang, Y, Luo, Y, Zhang, Y, Qin, Y, Fang, Y, Liang, Y, Li, Y, Chen, Z, Liu, Z, Song, Z, Luo, Z, An, Z & Chen, J 2026, 'Global hotspots of particulate organic carbon losses under climate change', Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-71321-2

Ozer, S 2026, Globalization. in T Teo (ed.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70581-6_489-1

Song, Y, Kong, W, Wei, X, Reich, PB, Qiu, L, Peñuelas, J, Tedersoo, L, Bahram, M, Bullock, JM, Bobbink, R, de Vries, W, Jia, X, Wang, X, Gou, X, Li, W, Hu, Y, Li, T, Chen, Z, Zhong, Z, Jiao, J, Shao, M & Wei, G 2026, 'Global nitrogen enrichment impacts plant diversity more than soil bacterial and fungal diversity: a meta-analysis', Nature Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, 1057. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67815-0

Langlois Lopez, S, Snell, K, van Bemmelen, RSA, Pokrovsky, I, O'Hanlon, N, Boertmann, D, Gilg, O, Green, M, Hanssen, SA, Harrison, AL, Moe, B, Santos, IAM, Smith, P, Systad, G & Humphreys, E 2026, 'Global population status of the migratory Holarctic species Arctic Skua Stercorarius parasiticus', Bird Conservation International, vol. 36, e1, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270925100336

García Martínez, JB, Behr, J, Andrade, TA, Blouin, S, Costa, J & Denkenberger, D 2026, 'Global potential of integrated biorefineries for leaf protein and sugar: Producing sustainable food and preventing starvation in catastrophes', Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 64, pp. 247-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2026.02.009

Tang, H, Shi, K, Woolway, RI, Deng, J, Jeppesen, E, Qin, B & Qing, Z 2026, 'Global spatiotemporal patterns of heatwaves: a re-evaluation', Environmental Research, vol. 298, 124290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.124290

Mieritz, IK , Laustsen, C , Axelgaard, E , Dorset, SR , Bak, RO & Bertelsen, LB 2026, 'Glycolytic alterations as biomarkers in polycystic kidney disease: A study using a PKD1 knockout model in NRK-52E rat kidney epithelial cells', Physiological Reports, vol. 14, no. 6, e70816. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70816

Pedersen, RB 2026, 'Golfstaternes neutralitet har kostet dem dyrt', RÆSON.

Viana, MC, Achermann, APP, Andrade, DL, Miyaoka, R & Esteves, SC 2026, 'Gonadotropin Stimulation Before Sperm Retrieval in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Myth, Magic, or Medicine?', International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, vol. 52, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2026.9902

Coria, J 2026 'Good Intentions, Informal Outcomes: The Formalization Trap in Global E-Waste Markets'. <https://www.ifo.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp12471.pdf>

Kjær, AM 2026, Governance. in AM Kjær, M Khisa & XA Ndlovu (eds), Elgar Encyclopedia of African Politics. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 187-192.

Aagaard, A & Andersen, MD 2026, 'Governing ESG Paradoxes Across Multi-Tier Supply Chains: Compliance-Centric and Capability-Centric Pathways and Their Asymmetric Outcomes', Journal of Supply Chain Management.

Aagaard, A & Andersen, MD 2026, 'Governing Open Innovation under Sustainability Pressure: Evidence from SME Suppliers in Industrial Value Chains', R&D Management.

Aagaard, A & Lodsgård, LA 2026, 'Governing Sustainable Co-creation in Business–NGO Collaborations: Institutional Logics and Innovation Outcomes', Technovation.

Ramirez-Ruiz, S & Senninger, R 2026, 'Government policy documents across 185 countries largely cite Global North sources', Nature Human Behaviour.

Zhu, J, He, T & Aghababaei, R 2026, 'Grain boundary inclination effects on scratch response in crystalline copper', International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, vol. 310, 111143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.111143

Peixoto, L , Enggrob, KL , Martins, JT , Rasmussen, J & De Notaris, C 2026, 'Grain legumes combined with cover crops secure positive residual N effects in food production systems', Plant and Soil, vol. 518, no. 1, pp. 789-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-08028-8

Larsen, JR , Lundkvist, MS, Nielsen, MB, Davies, GR, Zhou, Y & Lund, MN 2026, 'Granulation signatures as seen by Kepler short-cadence data: I. A decoupling between granulation and oscillation timescales for dwarfs', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 707, A220. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202558683

Skitsas, K 2026, 'Graph-based Reasoning: Effective Mapping and Planning on Graphs', PhD, Aarhus University.

Yang, D , Jensen, AB, Gong, Z, Ren, L, Sorrell, BK , Eller, F & Brix, H 2026, 'Grazing influences salt marsh greenhouse gas balance mediated by plant-specific methane emissions', Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol. 378, 111001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.111001

Daugaard, LM 2026, 'Grievable and ungrievable lives in the reception classroom. Danish reception class teachers between policy, politics and professional ideals in the encounter with Ukrainian students'.

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