Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Loebnitz, N & Grunert, KG 2015, 'The effect of food shape abnormality on purchase intentions in China', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 40, no. Part A, pp. 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.08.005

Kristiansen, BK 2015, 'The effect of GP reminders on follow-up of cervical cancer screening test'.

Andelius, TC , Vestergaard, RF , Hauge, EM , Brüel, A , Thomsen, JS , Honge, JL & Hjortdal, VE 2015, 'The effect of haemostatic devices on bone healing 6 months postoperatively in sternotomized pigs', European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 850-854. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezu528

Sørensen, CK , Carciofi, M , Hovmøller, MS & Hebelstrup, K 2015, 'The effect of hemoglobin level in barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare) on the interaction with compatible and incompatible races of the mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis', Plant Biotech Denmark Annual Meeting 2015, København , Denmark, 28/01/2015 - 29/01/2015.

Campler, MRB , Munksgaard, L & Jensen, MB 2015, 'The effect of housing on calving behavior and calf vitality in Holstein and Jersey dairy cows', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 98, pp. 1797-1804. <http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8726>

Reis, MP, ávila, MP, Keijzer, RM, Barbosa, FAR, Chartone-Souza, E, Nascimento, AMA & Laanbroek, HJ 2015, 'The effect of human settlement on the abundance and community structure of ammonia oxidizers in tropical stream sediments', Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 6, no. AUG, 898. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00898

Nørlinger, T , Nielsen, P , Mikkelsen, E , Qi, H , Hansen, K , Agger, P , Schmidt, N , Pedersen, M , Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H, Palm, F & Laustsen, C 2015, 'The effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment on healthy and diabetic rat kidneys measured with noninvasive Hyperpolarised C13 MR', 5th International DNP Symposium 2015, Egmond aan Zee, Netherlands, 31/08/2014 - 04/09/2015.

Outzen, M, Tjønneland, A, Larsen, EH, Hansen, M, Andersen, KK, Christensen, J, Overvad, K & Olsen, A 2015, 'The effect of increased intake of fish and mussels on exposure to toxic trace elements in a healthy, middle-aged population', Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A - Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 1858-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1072878

Bjerg, AT, Sørensen, MB, Krych, L, Hansen, LH, Astrup, A, Kristensen, M & Nielsen, DS 2015, 'The effect of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei L. casei W8® on blood levels of triacylglycerol is independent of colonisation', Beneficial Microbes, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 263-269. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2014.0033

Evenson, Z, Koschine, T, Wei, S, Gross, O, Bednarcik, J, Gallino, I, Kruzic, JJ, Rätzke, K, Faupel, F & Busch, R 2015, 'The effect of low-temperature structural relaxation on free volume and chemical short-range ordering in a Au₄₉Cu_26.9Si_16.3Ag_5.5Pd_2.3 bulk metallic glass', Scripta Materialia, vol. 103, pp. 14-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.02.026

Amstrup, AK , Sikjaer, T , Mosekilde, L & Rejnmark, L 2015, 'The effect of melatonin treatment on postural stability, muscle strength, and quality of life and sleep in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial', Nutrition Journal, vol. 14, pp. 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0093-1

Preus, HR, Gjermo, P, Scheie, AA & Bælum, V 2015, 'The effect of metronidazole on the presence of P. gingivalis and T. forsythia at 3 and 12 months after different periodontal treatment strategies evaluated in a randomized, clinical trial', Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, pp. 258-266. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2014.920106

Schou, TM & Malmkvist, J 2015, The effect of nest box temperature on kit growth rate and survival in the American mink (Neovison vison). in Proceedings - NJF Seminar 485 - Autumn meeting in Fur Animal Resarch 2015. pp. 28-37, NJF seminar 485 - 2015, Turku, Finland, 29/09/2015.

Andresen, SR, Bing, J, Hansen, RBM, Biering-Sørensen, F, Johansen, IL, Hagen, EM, Rice, A, Nielsen, JF , Bach, FW & Finnerup, NB 2015, 'The effect of Normast (PEA) in neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury'. <http://www.iscosmeetings.org/>

Andresen, SR, Bing, J, Hansen, RBM, Biering-Sørensen, F, Johansen, IL, Hagen, EM, Rice, A, Nielsen, JF , Bach, FW & Finnerup, NB 2015, 'The effect of Normast (PEA) on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury'.

Bolund, ACS, Miller, MR, Basinas, I , Elholm, G , Omland, Ø , Sigsgaard, T & Schlünssen, V 2015, 'The effect of occupational farming on lung function development in young adults: a 15-year follow-up study', Occupational & Environmental Medicine, vol. 72, pp. 707-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102726

Sergev, K, Dmitrenko, I, Babb, D, Rysgaard, S & Barber, DG 2015, 'The effect of ocean heat flux on seasonal ice growth in Young Sound (NE Greenland)', Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol. 120, no. 7, pp. 4803-4824. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010720

Mahler, B , Kamperis, K, Ankarberg-Lindgren, C, Djurhuus, JC & Rittig, S 2015, 'The effect of puberty on diurnal sodium regulation', American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, vol. 309, no. 10, pp. F873-9. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00319.2014

Schmidt, N , Hansen, K & Pedersen, M 2015, 'The Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning on Bubble Formation in a Decompression Sick Rat Model'.

Schmidt, N , Hansen, K & Pedersen, M 2015, 'The Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning on Bubble Formation in a Decompression Sick Rat Model', The FASEB Journal, vol. 29.

König, W, Weiss, K, Lamminen, M & Jaakkola, S 2015, The effect of silage additive on volatile organic compounds of white lupin-wheat silage. in JLP Daniel, G Morais, D Junges & LG Nussio (eds), Proceedings of the XVII International Silage Conference and IV International Symposium on Forage Quality and Conservation: July 1-3, 2015 Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, ESALQ, pp. 454-455, XVII International Silage Conference, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, 01/07/2015.

Nielsen, M , Bjerg-Nielsen, M, Holst-Fischer, C, Kofoed, MVW, Malmgren-Hansen, B, Rickers, CK, Møller, HB & Ottosen, LDM 2015, 'The effect of small temperature differences on mesophilic biogas yield', World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Vina del Mar, Chile, 15/11/2015 - 18/11/2015.

di Giminiani, P, Stausholm, JS, Viitasaari, E, Petersen, LJ & Herskin, MS 2015, 'The effect of social isolation, gender and familiarity with the experimental procedure on tests of porcine nociceptive thresholds', Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 648-656. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12254

McCarthy, K, Kjaersgaard, A , Bahrndorff, S , Schou, TM , Manenti, T , Loeschcke, V & Pertoldi, C 2015, 'The Effect of Social Isolation on Locomotor Activity in the Houseflies (Musca Domestica)', Journal of Insect Behavior, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 288-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10905-015-9501-9

Bøttcher Berthelsen, C 2015, The Effect of Spouses' Involvement Through Case Management in Older Patients' Fast-track Program (SICAM).

Jacob, M, Hassager, C, Bro-Jeppesen, J, Ostrowski, SR, Thomsen, JH, Wanscher, M, Johansson, PI, Winther-Jensen, M & Kjærgaard, J 2015, 'The effect of targeted temperature management on coagulation parameters and bleeding events after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause', Resuscitation, vol. 96, pp. 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.08.018

Krishna, K, Galsgaard, R, Heide-Jørgensen, S, Bechsgaard, TK, Zegdi, R, Bräuner, LE , Nygaard, JV & Johansen, P 2015, 'The effect of TAVI oversizing on valve tissue stresses', The 25th Annual Meeting of the Scandinavian Society for Research in Cardiothoracic Surgery, Geilo, Norway, 12/02/2015 - 14/02/2015.

Andersen, SC , Beuchert-Pedersen, LV , Nielsen, HS & Thomsen, MK 2015 'The Effect of Teacher's Aides in the Classroom: Evidence from a Randomized Trial'.

Madsen, TM, Christensen, S, Poulsen, SE & Sørensen, I 2015, 'The effect of thermal depletion on the performance of a ground source heat pump system', Paper presented at AquaConSoil, Copenhagen, Denmark, 09/06/2015 - 12/06/2015.

Madsen, TM , Christensen, S , Poulsen, SE & Sørensen, I 2015, 'The effect of thermal depletion on the performance of a ground source heat pump system', AquaConSoil, Copenhagen, Denmark, 09/06/2015 - 12/06/2015.

Due, A, Larsen, TM, Mu, H, Hermansen, K, Stender, S, Toubro, S, Allison, DB & Astrup, A 2015, 'The effect of three different ad libitum diets for weight loss maintenance: a randomized 18-month trial', European Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-015-1116-6

Clausen, S, Jørgensen, CM & Bek, T 2015, 'The Effect of Topical Anesthesia on Pharmacological Mydriasis in Diabetic Patients Depends on the Presence of Retinopathy', Austin Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology, vol. 2/4, no. 1056, 1056.

Harsløf, T , Sikjær, T, Sørensen, L, Pedersen, SB , Mosekilde, L , Langdahl, BL & Rejnmark, L 2015, 'The Effect of Treatment With PTH on Undercarboxylated Osteocalcin and Energy Metabolism in Hypoparathyroidism', Endocrinology, vol. 100, no. 7, pp. 2758-62. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-1477

Gebremikael, MT, De Waele, J, Buchan, D, Soboksa, GE & De Neve, S 2015, 'The effect of varying gamma irradiation doses and soil moisture content on nematodes, the microbial communities and mineral nitrogen', Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 92, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.03.003

Hawkings, J, Wadham, J, Tranter, M, Lawson, E, Sole, A, Cowton, T, Tedstone, A, Bartholomew, I, Nienow, P, Chandler, D & Telling, J 2015, 'The effect of warming climate on nutrient and solute export from the Greenland Ice Sheet', Geochemical Perspectives Letters, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 94-104. https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.1510

Capek, P, Diakova, K, Dickopp, JE, Barta, J, Wild, B, Schnecker, J, Aiglsdorfer, S, Guggenberger, G, Gentsch, N, Hugelius, G, Kuhry, P, Lashchinsky, N, Gittel, A, Schleper, C, Mikutta, R, Palmtag, J, Shibistova, O, Urich, T, Urich, T, Zimov, S, Richter, A & Santruckova, H 2015, 'The effect of warming on the vulnerability of subducted organic carbon in arctic soils', Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 90, pp. 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.013

Rong, L , Liu, D, Pedersen, EF & Zhang, G 2015, 'The effect of wind speed and direction and surrounding maize on hybrid ventilation in a dairy cow building in Denmark', Energy and Buildings, vol. 86, pp. 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.016

Toftegaard, BS , Falborg, AZ , Vedsted, P & Bro, F 2015, 'The effect on Continuing Medical Education (CME) in early cancer diagnosis on GP knowledge and attitude', Nordic Congress of General Practice, Göteborg, Sweden, 16/06/2015. <http://www.nordicgp2015.se/abstract-search?q=falborg>

Outzen, M, Tjønneland, A, Larsen, EH, Andersen, KK, Christensen, J, Overvad, K & Olsen, A 2015, 'The effect on selenium concentrations of a randomized intervention with fish and mussels in a population with relatively low habitual dietary selenium intake', Nutrients, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 608-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7010608

Lavy, S, Bareli, Y & Ein-Dor, T 2015, 'The Effects of Attachment Heterogeneity and Team Cohesion on Team Functioning', Small Group Research, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496414553854

Lewis, JR, Radavelli-Bagatini, S, Rejnmark, L, Chen, JS, Simpson, JM, Lappe, JM, Mosekilde, L, Prentice, RL & Prince, RL 2015, 'The effects of calcium supplementation on verified coronary heart disease hospitalization and death in postmenopausal women: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials', Journal of Bone andMineral Research (JBMR), vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 165-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2311

Østergaard, L , Finnerup, NB , Terkelsen, AJ , Olesen, RA , Drasbek, KR , Knudsen, L , Jespersen, SN , Frystyk, J , Charles, M , Thomsen, RW , Christiansen, JS, Beck-Nielsen, H, Jensen, TS & Andersen, H 2015, 'The effects of capillary dysfunction on oxygen and glucose extraction in diabetic neuropathy', Diabetologia, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 666-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-014-3461-z

Angleys, H , Østergaard, L & Jespersen, SN 2015, 'The effects of capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTH) on brain oxygenation', Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 806-17. https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.254

Pedersen, LH, Mogra, R & Hyett, J 2015, 'The effects of corticosteroids on cardiac function in growth restricted fetuses', Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology, pp. n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.15743

Cerekovic, N, Jarret, D, Pagter, M, Cullen, DW, Morris, JM, Hedley, PE, Brennan, B & Petersen, KK 2015, 'The effects of drought stress on leaf gene expression during flowering in blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.)', European Journal of Horticultural Science, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 39-46. <http://www.pubhort.org/ejhs/80/1/6/80_1_6.pdf>

Morales, K, Olesen, MN , Poulsen, ET , Larsen, UG , Enghild, JJ & Petersen, SV 2015, 'The effects of hypochlorous acid and neutrophil proteases on the structure and function of extracellular superoxide dismutase', Free Radical Biology & Medicine, vol. 81, pp. 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.12.027

Müller, SD & Fjeld, E 2015, The Effects of Information Technology on Business Model Innovation. in A Öörni, N Livari, K Kuutti, H Oinas-Kukkonen & M Rajanen (eds), Proceedings of the 38th Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia (IRIS 38). Scandinavian Chapter of the Association for Information Systems (AIS) - Scandinavian IRIS.

Powell, SG, Frydenberg, M & Thomsen, PH 2015, 'The effects of long-term medication on growth in children and adolescents with ADHD: an observational study of a large cohort of real-life patients', Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, vol. 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0082-3

Egelund, N , Dyssegaard, CB, Sørensen, LB, Damsgaard, CT, Petersen, RA, Dalskov, S-M, Hjorth, MF, Andersen, R, Tetens, I, Ritz, C, Astrup, A, Lauritzen, L & Michaelsen, KF 2015, 'The effects of Nordic school meals on concentration and school performance in 8- to 11-year-old children in the OPUS School Meal Study: a cluster-randomised, controlled, cross-over trial', British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 113, no. 08, pp. 1280-1291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515000033

Zhang, P, Hou, X, He, Y, Peng, Q & Dong, M 2015, 'The effects of surface group functionalization and strain on the electronic structures of two-dimensional silicon carbide', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 628, pp. 60-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2015.03.031

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