Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Amin, H , Cramer, C , Finster, K, Real, FG, Gislason, T, Holm, M, Janson, C, Jögi, NO, Jogi, R, Malinovschi, A, Modig, L, Norbäck, D, Shigdel, R, Sigsgaard, T, Svanes, C, Thorarinsdottir, H, Wouters, IM, Šantl-Temkiv, T , Schlünssen, V & Bertelsen, RJ 2026, 'Indoor airborne bacterial communities and adult lung health: A cross-sectional study', International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, vol. 274, pp. 114780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114780

Boje, S 2026, 'Indrettet sig med henblik på gældssanering', Erhvervsjuridisk Tidsskrift, pp. 1-6.

Kallenborn, R, Gabrielsen, GW, Vorkamp, K, Reiersen, LO, Evenset, A, Pedersen, KB, Corsolini, S, Ademollo, N, Li, Y, Zhang, ZF, Langberg, HA, Hartz, WF, von Hippel, F, Muir, D, de Wit, CA, Gunnarsdottir, MJ, Jensen, PE, Kirkelund, GM, Breedveld, G, Bengtson Nash, S, Lyche, JL & Barbaro, E 2026, 'Industrial and public infrastructure as local sources of organic contaminants in the Arctic', Environmental science: Advances, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 304-347. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5va00261c

Asuman, D, Arhin, K & Agyire-Tettey, F 2026, 'Inequality of Opportunity in Early-childhood Deprivations in Ghana', Child Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-026-10353-y

van Beek, KAJ, Khan, S, Butt, H, Demandt, JPA, Eerdekens, R, Dillen, DMM, Keeble, TR, Good, R, Berry, C, Engström, T, Madsen, JM, Oldroyd, KG, Beleslin, B, de Bruyne, B, Corradetti, S, Fröbert, O, Mangion, K, Teeuwen, K, van't Veer, M, Pijls, NHJ, Tonino, PAL, Otterspoor, LC & El Farissi, M 2026, 'Infarct-Related Myocardial Resistance Before Reperfusion in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction to Predict Microvascular Injury and Clinical Outcomes', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccd.70338

Kristensen, MF & Jensen, AB 2026, Infektionsforebyggelse og smittekontrol på tandklinikken: Hvorfor skal det være så rent? vol. 51, 1 edn, Scandinavian University Press.

Winkler, PW, Zsidai, B, Narup, E, Runer, A, Lind, M, Moatshe, G, Senorski, EH, Musahl, V & Samuelsson, K 2026, 'Inferior clinical outcomes and higher subjective treatment failure after revision compared to primary posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A propensity score-matched analysis', Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. https://doi.org/10.1002/ksa.70323

Garde, H, Hirvensalo, M & Hyvönen, N 2026, 'Infinite-dimensional Lipschitz stability in the Calderón problem and general Zernike bases', Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, vol. 65, no. 3, 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-026-03261-0

Sørensen, MT , Dalgaard, TS , Kjærup, RB, Mandrioli, D & Foldager, L 2026, 'Influence of glyphosate in feed on egg hatchability and health of chicks and breeder hens', British Poultry Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2026.2615732

Sørensen, MT , Dalgaard, TS , Kjærup, RB, Mandrioli, D & Foldager, L 2026, 'Influence of hen layer diet glyphosate on egg hatchability and health of chickens and hens', British Poultry Science.

Mortensen, MB, Iraqi, N, Rønnow Sand, NP, Busk, M, Jensen, JM, Madsen, KT, Grove, EL, Dey, D, Kanstrup, H , Pedersen, K , Mathiassen, ON, Hosbond, S, Bøtker, HE, Narula, J & Nørgaard, BL 2026, 'Influence of Intensive Lipid-Lowering With Statin and Ezetimibe Prescription on Computed Tomography-Derived Fractional Flow Reserve in Patients With Stable Chest Pain', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 87, no. 11, pp. 1361-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.12.067

Mizukami, T, Ikeda, K, Munhoz, D, Sakai, K, Sonck, J, Matsuo, H, Shinke, T, Ando, H, Ko, B, Biscaglia, S, Rivero, F, Engstrøm, T, Leone, AM, van Nunen, LX, Fearon, WF, Christiansen, EH, Fournier, S, Desta, L, Yong, A, Adjedj, J, Escaned, J, Nakayama, M, Eftekhari, A, Zimmermann, FM, Storozhenko, T, Bouisset, F, Galante, D, da Costa, BR, Campo, G, Berry, C, Collison, D, Amano, T, Perera, D, Jeremias, A, Ali, ZA, Korngold, E, Wyffels, E, Wilgenhof, A, Pijls, N, De Bruyne, B, Johnson, NP & Collet, C 2026, 'Influence of Pullback Pressure Gradient on Residual Angina at One Year', Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions, pp. e015851. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.125.015851

Smardz, J, Kresse-Walczak, K, Meissner, H, Boening, K, Weżgowiec, J, Małysa, A & Więckiewicz, M 2026, 'Influence of thermal aging on surface roughness of conventional and 3D-printed materials used in intraoral appliance manufacturing', Dental and Medical Problems, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 179-187. https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/213624

Christiansen, F, Sironi, M, Lewin, N, Marón, CF & Uhart, MM 2026, 'Influence of water temperature, body size, condition and gull-inflicted lesions on heat loss in southern right whales in Península Valdés, Argentina', The Journal of experimental biology, vol. 229, no. 1, jeb250925. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.250925

Leimbach, T 2026, Informatik – von der geplanten Wissenschaft zum Partner der Wirtschaft? in H Fangerau & M Schneider (eds), Handbuch Wirtschaft und Wissenschaft. De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin, pp. 185-214.

Jakobsen, AMSØ , Tambo, T & Kadenic, MD 2026, Information Systems Perspectives on Digitally Supported Design for Sustainability and Life-cycle Cost Calculations. in S Hammoudi, A Brodsky, J Filipe & M Smialek (eds), Enterprise Information Systems - 26th International Conference, ICEIS 2024, Revised Selected Papers: 26th International Conference, ICEIS 2024, Angers, France, April 28–30, 2024, Revised Selected Papers, Part I. Computer Science edn, vol. 566, Springer, Springer, Cham, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing , vol. 566, pp. 342-366. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-08570-2_18

Yakoubov, S , Damgård, IB , Siniscalchi, L, Ravi, D & Ciampi, M 2026, Information-Theoretic Broadcast-Optimal MPC. in B Applebaum & H Lin (eds), Theory of Cryptography Conference (TCC 2025). pp. 152-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-12287-2_6

Cold, IM, Tonning, S, Meyer, M, Steinmetz, J, Møller, JE, Rasmussen, BS, Perner, A, Møller, MH, Stensballe, J, Michaelsen, MH, Kæstel, LW, Jakobsen, JC, Hassager, C, Granholm, A, Iversen, K, Kjærgaard, J & Grand, J 2026, 'Informed Consent in Randomized Emergency Clinical Trials in Denmark: A Systematic Review and National Survey Protocol', Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, vol. 70, no. 3, e70193. https://doi.org/10.1111/aas.70193

Jones, KH, Fulker, JE, Laurinavicius, D, Ozel, A, Schrauwen, JGM, Redlich, B, Noble, JA, Ioppolo, S, McCoustra, MRS & Brown, WA 2026, 'Infrared free electron laser induced photodesorption of CO and N₂from solid amorphous water at cryogenic temperatures', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cp04525h

Rosa, CA, Bergantini, A, Herczku, P, Mifsud, DV, Lakatos, G, Kovács, STS, Sulik, B, Juhász, Z, Ioppolo, S, Mason, NJ & Lage, C 2026, 'Infrared spectral signatures of nucleobases in interstellar ices II: Pyrimidines', Life Sciences in Space Research, vol. 49, pp. 107-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2025.11.005

Caple, Z , du Plessis, P, Schroer, SA, Swanson, HA & Bubandt, N 2026, 'Infrastructural cascades: Trophic infrastructures of the capitalist “superomnivore” and their ecological ripple effects', Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space. https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486251413923

Sharma, S 2026, 'Inherited Futures: Education as a Gift Among Gurkha Women in Post-1990 Nepal', Gender and Education, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2025.2568396

Eriksen, DS 2026, 'Initiate and Elevate! How Political Parties Can Set an Agenda', American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055426101506

Elepaño, MA, Dang , QA, Kaytaz, E & Smedegaard Ernst Bengtsen, S 2026, 'In Liminal Spaces: Doctoral Agency in International Cotutelle Programs', Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/SGPE-11-2025-0181

Wegener, G, Lerer, B, Frazer, A, Grace, A, Ikeda, K, Gobbi, G, Young, A, Zohar, J, Blier, P, Kasper, S, Krystal, J, Yamawaki, S, Philips, A, Möller, HJ, Belmaker, RH, Atwoli, L, Nutt, D, Harvey, BH, Seedat, S, Berk, M & Emsley, R 2026, 'In memoriam: Professor Dan J. Stein (1962-2025) — a global pioneer with an African heart', International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, vol. 29, no. 1, pyaf079. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyaf079

Søndergaard, HA & Jacobsen, L 2026, Innovating the Marketplace with Diversity and Inclusion. in S Kurtmollaiev, L Lervik-Olsen & TW Andreassen (eds), Exploring Commercial, Social, and Digital Innovation from the Customer Perspective. 1 edn, Routledge, Routledge Studies in Innovation, Organizations and Technology , pp. 188-198. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003492047-16

Coria, J & Jaraitė, J 2026, 'Innovation under dual policies: The impact of R&D subsidies and emissions trading on green patenting in Sweden', Research Policy, vol. 55, no. 2, 105378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2025.105378

Uusimäki, E , Glass, RG & Djurslev, CT 2026, 'In Search of Ancient Travel Writers: Studies on Sources, Identities and Social Locations', Mnemosyne.

Miranda-Vélez, JF , Simpson, GL , Hansen, EM & Munkholm, LJ 2026, 'In-season effects of winter cover crops and tillage on soil NO₃^- and N leaching: Analysis with generalized additive models', Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol. 396, 110011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110011

Baghooee, M & Geissmann, Q 2026, 'Insect size matters: Using image and dimensions together improves image classification', Ecological Informatics, vol. 94, 103664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2026.103664

Li, Y, Wang, H, Zeng, Q, Jeppesen, E, Gu, X & Yan, J 2026, 'Insight into greenhouse gas emission in freshwater aquaculture ponds in Jiangsu Province: Variation due to species used and ponds management practice', Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), vol. 160, pp. 732-744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2025.03.042

Li, L, Kong, YJ, Zhang, T , Han, X , Aalestrup, K , Pedersen, SU, Hu, XM & Daasbjerg, K 2026, 'Insights Into CO₂ Loss, pH Effects, and Tafel Kinetics in Ni Single Atom-Driven Bicarbonate Electroreduction', Advanced Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202524353

Samarth, P, Fedoseev, G, Bulak, M, Ioppolo, S , Hornekær, L, Van Dishoeck, EF, Linnartz, H & Chuang, KJ 2026, 'In situ characterization of volatile and refractory hydrocarbons produced by UV photolysis of interstellar C ₂H ₂ice', Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol. 705, A229. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556672

Ren, XY, Ji, JH, Hu, L, Bao, P, Xie, BB, Li, S, Musat, N , Musat, F & Chen, SC 2026, 'In situ interrogation of microorganisms mediating hydrocarbon degradation', Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 92, no. 3. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02591-25

Hedevang, M , Mohrhusen, L, Hallböök, F, Gajdek, D, Merte, LR, Blomberg, S & Lauritsen, JV 2026, 'In-situ NAP-XPS reveals water-induced phase segregation of MoS₂ nanoparticles in hydrodeoxygenation catalysis', Journal of Catalysis, vol. 455, 116705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2026.116705

Olesen, SES , Kløve, M , Borup, AB , Bertelsen, AD , Kragh-Schwarz, MV, Christensen, TEK, Gjørup, FH , Jørgensen, MRV , Catalano, J, Jensen, AW & Iversen, BB 2026, 'In situ X-ray diffraction investigation of NiS_x-formation on Ni-foam using chemical vapor deposition with H₂S', Chemical Science. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5sc08479b

Tølbøll, KB, Stead, J & Plagnol, AC 2026, 'Instagram Passive Active Use Measure (iPAUM): Development, Validation and Relation to Self-Esteem', Cyberpsychology, vol. 20, no. 1, 10. https://doi.org/10.5817/CP2026-1-10

Åbom, VJM 2026, 'Instruktøren som fødselshjælper: Christopher Rüpings prøverumspoetik', Peripeti - tidsskrift for dramaturgiske studier, vol. 23, no. 41, pp. 46-57. https://doi.org/10.7146/peri.v23i41.163900

Proietti, M, Lip, GYH, Ainsworth, J, Dan, GA, Frost, L, Graffigna, G, Lucci, D, Marin, F, Potpara, TS, Sanaullah, A, Tokmakova, M, Johnsen, SP & Maggioni, AP 2026, 'Integrated care management for older multimorbid patients with atrial fibrillation: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics for the atrial fibrillation integrated approach in frail, multimorbid and polymedicated older people (AFFIRMO) trial', American Heart Journal, vol. 295, 107356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2026.107356

Baklanov, A, Christensen, JH, Yu, S, Coll, I, Costes, M, Li, P, Ketzel, M, Kjems, S, Berthelsen, D, Etuman, AE, Geels, C , Khan, J , Jensen, SS, Sahyoun, M & Nuterman, R 2026, Integrated Systems and Analysis of Urban Mobility for Climate-Neutral and Sustainable Cities in Europe and China (IMTECC). in Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XXX. Springer, Springer Proceedings in Complexity, pp. 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-02971-3_20

Gopan, AI , Ravnskov, S , Hansen, JG & Abuley, IK 2026, 'Integrating biological control as a sustainable approach for managing silver scurf and black dot in potatoes', Biological Control, vol. 212, 105946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2025.105946

Beatini, V, Rajanayagam, H, Nawarathna, A & Karaki, G 2026, Integrating Carbon Sink and Recycled Materials into Modular Façade System. in C D’Erme, C Paglia & E Giner Cordero (eds), Proceedings of the RILEM Spring Convention and Conference 2025: RSCC 2025. vol. 66, Springer, RILEM Bookseries, vol. 66, pp. 476-487. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-14170-5_47

Licsandru, TC, Mari, C, Kipnis, E, Galalae, C, Johnson, E, Cross, SNN, Cui, CC, Kearney, S, Martin Ruiz, V, Vorster, L & Yoruk, I 2026, 'Integrating Diversity, Equity and Inclusion in Management Education: An Empathy Framework', British Journal of Management, vol. 37, no. 1, e70008. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.70008

Quist, JR, Ward, LC, Jødal, L, Andersen, RF , Hvas, CL & Brantlov, S 2026, 'Integrating machine learning for advanced analysis of bioelectrical impedance parameters in children with nephrotic syndrome', Frontiers in Pediatrics, vol. 14, 1714324. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1714324

ReddyPriya, M, Enduri, MK, Hajarathaiah, K, Satish, A & Bandaru, N 2026, 'Integrating machine learning techniques for critical node identification in complex networks', Scientific Reports, vol. 16, no. 1, 8929. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40778-y

Mickelborg, K & Xydis, G 2026, 'Integrating Surplus Heat for Carbon-Neutral Cities', Advanced Sustainable Systems, vol. 10, no. 2, e01518. https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202501518

Kanomanyanga, J, Liu, C, Moss, S, Ober, E, Cussans, J, Mudare, S, Ejaz, I, Sønderskov, M & Coutts, S 2026, 'Integrating weed seed loss mechanisms in regenerative agriculture for more sustainable weed management', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 396, 110027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.110027

Esposito, G, Courtin, AS, Collignon, O & Mouraux, A 2026, 'Integration of auditory and tactile inputs to localize haptic stimuli during active touch', Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, vol. 88, no. 3, 74. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-026-03223-w

Teng, J, Zhao, X, Yan, Q, Yang, J, Pei, F, Zhang, X, Duan, C, Chen, Z, Xu, Q, Liu, Y, Xue, G, Xia, S, Wang, H, Gu, Y, Fang, L , Liu, H, Gao, H, An, J, Jiang, L, Ning, C, Li, R, Gao, Y, Wang, X, Li, J & Zhang, Q 2026, 'Integrative analysis of GWAS, Bayesian fine-mapping, Mendelian randomization and colocalization reveals genetic determinants underlying milk-related traits in dairy cattle', Genetics Selection Evolution, vol. 58, no. 1, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12711-025-01028-3

An, B, Luo, N, Liu, P, Wei, L, Fang, L, Wen, J & Zhao, G 2026, 'Integrative meta-GWAS and lipidomics reveal genetic regulators of nutritional fatty acids and lipid metabolites in chicken liver lipid accumulation', Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, vol. 27, 102673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2026.102673

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