Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Esperon-Rodriguez, M, Gallagher, R, Calfapietra, C, Cariñanos, P, Dobbs, C, Eleuterio, AA, Esperon Rodriguez, D, Jahani, A, Litvak, E, Livesley, SJ, Manoli, G, Marchin, RM, McPhearson, T, Messier, C, Östberg , J, Roman, LA, Russo, A, Saffariha, M, Shackleton, C, Sjöman, H, Solfjeld, I, Susskind, J, Svenning, J-C, Yang, J & Tjoelker, MG 2025, 'Barriers and opportunities for resilient and sustainable urban forests', Nature, vol. 2, pp. 290-298. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44284-025-00212-2

Ummak, E, Yalçın öz-Uçan, B & Gümüş, B 2025, 'Barriers to Help-Seeking for Intimate Partner Violence (IPV): Lived Experiences of Queer Individuals in Norway', Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-025-00959-1

Johansen, KS, Fahnøe, KR, Kronbæk, M, Kappel, N & Houborg, E 2025, 'Barriers to psychiatric treatment for the comorbid mental health problems of marginalized people who use drugs: perceptions of frontline staff in low-threshold facilities', Advances in Dual Diagnosis, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 169–180. https://doi.org/10.1108/ADD-01-2025-0005

Shu, W, Zhang, Q, Audet, J, Hein, T, Leng, P, Hu, M, Li, Z, Cheng, H, Chen, G, Li, F & Wu, F 2025, 'Baseflow and Coupled Nitrification-Denitrification Processes Jointly Dominate Nitrate Dynamics in a Watershed Impacted by Rare Earth Mining', Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 719-729. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c05909

Musters, AH, Gerbens, LAA, van der Gang, L, Middelkamp-Hup, MA, Ouwerkerk, W, Hijnen, DJ, Haufe, E, Heinrich, L, Werfel, T, Weidinger, S, Schmitt, J, Svedbom, A, Johansson, EK, Bradley, M, von Kobyletzki, L, Vittrup, I, Ruge, IF, Thyssen, JP, Vestergaard, C, Carrascosa, JM, de Vega, M, García-Doval, I, Chiricozzi, A, Stingeni, L, Calzavara-Pinton, P, Ardern-Jones, MR, Reynolds, NJ, Flohr, C, Spuls, PI & the A-STAR, AtopyReg, BIOBADATOP, SCRATCH, SwedAD, TREATgermany and TREAT NL/BE registry teams 2025, 'Baseline characteristics of atopic eczema patients enrolled in seven European registries united in the TREatment of ATopic eczema (TREAT) registry taskforce', Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2096-2112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.20876

Hald, JD, Weir, C, Keerie, C, Dewar, L, MacLean, M, Milne, L, Keen, R, Walsh, J, Poole, K, Langdahl, B, Lindsay, JR, Ghouri, N, Hollick, RJ, Aspray, T, Crowley, RK, Cohen-Solal, M, Hassan-Smith, Z, Tuck, S, Curtis, E, Harvey, N, Eekhoff, EMW, Feenstra, J, Hampson, G, Stone, M, Turton, J, Patel, P, Siddiqi, M, Munro, R, Roy, M, Paskins, Z, Narayanan, D, Malcolm, E, Javaid, MK, Osborne, P, Tang, JCY, Lam, W, Moore, D, Black, HA, Duckworth, AD, Makaram, N, Guo, T, Stenhouse, G & Ralston, SH 2025, 'Baseline Characteristics of the TOPaZ Study: Randomised Trial of Teriparatide and Zoledronic Acid Compared with Standard Care in Adults with Osteogenesis Imperfecta', Calcified Tissue International, vol. 116, no. 1, 136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-025-01440-3

Smith, KE, Sen Gupta, A, Amaya, D, Benthuysen, JA, Burrows, MT, Capotondi, A, Filbee-Dexter, K, Frölicher, TL, Hobday, AJ, Holbrook, NJ, Malan, N, Moore, PJ, Oliver, ECJ, Richaud, B, Salcedo-Castro, J, Smale, DA, Thomsen, M & Wernberg, T 2025, 'Baseline matters: Challenges and implications of different marine heatwave baselines', Progress in Oceanography, vol. 231, 103404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2024.103404

Linder, A, Diab, F, de Pontual, L, Giurgea, I & Eyer, K 2025, 'Baseline Single-Cell Differences in Polyfunctionality Between Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases Patients and Healthy Controls', European Journal of Immunology, vol. 55, no. 9, e70047. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.70047

Brinkløv, SMM , Smeele, SQ , Uebel, AS , Grethen, KJ , Fjederholt, ET & Elmeros, M 2025, Baseline surveys of Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in areas for Offshore Wind Farms in the Danish North Sea (North Sea I): Bats – Baseline surveys 2023-2025 North Sea I. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Eksterne_udgivelser/2025/NSI_WPC_BATS_TR_Y2_2025_101025-4.pdf>

Levin, G 2025, BASEMAP05: Documentation of the data and method for elaboration of a land use and land cover map for Denmark. Teknisk rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 363, 363 edn, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Tekniske_rapporter_350-400/TR363.pdf>

Sand, JMB, Frederiksen, P, John, AE, Simões, FB, Hoyer, N, Prior, TS, Avdic-Belltheus, A, Molyneaux, PL, Stewart, ID, Fainberg, HP, Johnson, SR, Karsdal, MA, Leeming, DJ, Bendstrup, E, Shaker, SB, Maher, TM & Jenkins, G 2025, 'Basement membrane repair response biomarker PRO-C4 predicts progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: analysis of the PFBIO and PROFILE cohorts', Thorax, vol. 80, no. 12, pp. 935-944. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2024-221868

Hasan, G , Wu, H , Knattrup, Y & Elm, J 2025, 'Base synergy in freshly nucleated particles', Aerosol Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 101-111. https://doi.org/10.5194/ar-3-101-2025

Pedersen, SV & Sommer, SG 2025, Basic Business Concepts and Cost Accounting and Analysis. in SG Sommer, ML Christensen, B Norddahl, M Ambye-Jensen & MC Roda-Serrat (eds), Bioprocesses: A Comprehensive Guide to Sustainable Resources in the Non-Fossil Era. Cambridge University Press, pp. 386-423.

Greenblatt, AS, Katyal, R, Beniczky, S & Nascimento, FA 2025, Basic Electroencephalography. in Peri-operative Brain Monitoring. Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 55-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-6178-7_4

Cucciolini, G, Corradi, F, Marrucci, E & Ovesen, SH 2025, 'Basic Lung Ultrasound and Clinical Applications in General Medicine', The Medical Clinics of North America, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 11-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2024.07.006

Andresen, MH , Gutiérrez-Jiménez, E & Matchkov, V 2025, 'Basic Science and Pathogenesis', Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, vol. 21, no. S1, e097313. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70855_097313

Mikkelsen, SH , Christensen, OB , Postnov, D , Østergaard, L & Gutiérrez-Jiménez, E 2025, 'Basic Science and Pathogenesis', Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, vol. 21, no. S1, e105519. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70855_105519

Pedersen, NA 2025, Basilides. Lex.dk.

Brinkløv, SMM , Grethen, KJ , Uebel, AS & Smeele, SQ 2025, Bat activity offshore: Analysis of data from passive acoustic monitoring, weather variables and wind turbine operations. Rådgivningsnotat fra DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 74, vol. 2025, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Notater_2025/N2025_74.pdf>

Zoppi, G , Biller, P , Catalano, J & Anastasakis, K 2025, 'Batch and continuous pilot-scale hydrothermal liquefaction of food waste: kinetic modelling and response surface methodology optimization', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 524, 168987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.168987

Guo, J, Stroe, DI, Adelhelm, P & Bomholdt Ravnsbæk, D 2025, 'Battery Aging Mechanisms Under Real-World Driving Conditions', Paper presented at Swiss Battery Days 2025, Zurich, Switzerland, 25/08/2025 - 27/08/2025.

Teng, J, Duan, C, Zhang, X, Chen, Z, Ning, C, Li, R, Gao, Y, Gao, H, Liu, H, Li, J, Wang, X & Zhang, Q 2025, 'Bayesian fine-mapping and Mendelian randomization leveraging expression quantitative trait loci reveal novel candidate causal genes for body conformation traits in cattle', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 108, no. 8, pp. 8637-8647. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26361

Ellis, S, Croft, DP, Nielsen, MLK, Franks, DW & Weiss, MN 2025, 'Bayesian inference of toothed whale lifespans', Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 145, no. 1, blaf022. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blaf022

Tanaka, T & Gislum, R 2025, Bayesian machine learning to quantify the uncertainty in nitrogen nutrition index using UAV-based imagery and weather data. in JV Stafford (ed.), Precision agriculture ’25. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Leiden, pp. 426-430. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004725232_054

Saedi, N , Zhang, S , Lund, MS , Cai, Z & Karaman, E 2025, 'Bayesian Modeling of Rumen Microbiota Composition Using Host Genomic Markers and Microbial Abundances'.

Madhiarasan, M 2025, 'Bayesian optimisation algorithm based optimised deep bidirectional long short term memory for global horizontal irradiance prediction in long-term horizon', Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 13, 1499751, pp. 1499751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2025.1499751

Mrozowska, MA, Avery, J, Stoustrup, A, Nuterman, R, Johnsen, CJ, Thormann, A & Jochum, M 2025, 'Bayesian Optimization With GPU Acceleration for Ocean Models', Journal of Geophysical Research: Machine Learning and Computation, vol. 2, no. 3, e2024JH000517. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JH000517

Hess, AJ, Iglesias, S, Köchli, L, Marino, S, Müller-Schrader, M, Rigoux, L, Mathys, C, Harrison, OK, Heinzle, J, Frässle, S & Stephan, KE 2025, 'Bayesian Workflow for Generative Modeling in Computational Psychiatry', Computational Psychiatry, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 76-99. https://doi.org/10.5334/cpsy.116

Canicattì, M, Ferro, MV, Vallone, M, Orlando, S & Catania, P 2025, 'Bayesian yield mapping and uncertainty analysis in vineyards using remote sensing data and grape harvester tracking', Precision Agriculture, vol. 26, no. 4, 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-025-10258-w

Kastberg, KS 2025, 'B cells in autoimmunity', PhD, Aarhus University.

Lykkesfeldt, J & Simonsen, U 2025, 'BCPT 2024 Prizes and Awards', Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 136, no. 1, e14123. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.14123

Tveden-Nyborg, P, Bergmann, TK, Jessen, N , Simonsen, U & Lykkesfeldt, J 2025, 'BCPT 2026 Policy for Experimental and Clinical Studies', Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol. 137, no. 6, e70159. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.70159

Gylfadottir, SS & Thiyagarajah, A 2025, 'CRPS – komplekst regionalt smertesyndrom. Diagnose, udredning og behandling', Månedsskrift for Almen Praksis, vol. 2025, no. 4, pp. 252-259. <https://www.maanedsskriftet.dk/mpl/2025/15031/15160/>

Pracht, EB 2025, '‘Bear with My Word of Comfort’: Consolatory Strategies in the Letter to the Hebrews', Journal for the Study of the New Testament, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 273-297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0142064X251314115

Brattico, E, Brusa, A, Dietz, M , Jacobsen, T , Fernandes, HM, Gaggero, G, Toiviainen, P, Vuust, P & Proverbio, AM 2025, 'Beauty and the brain – Investigating the neural and musical attributes of beauty during naturalistic music listening', Neuroscience, vol. 567, pp. 308-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.12.008

Dai, R, Toiviainen, P, Vuust, P , Jacobsen, T & Brattico, E 2025, 'Beauty Is in the Brain Networks of the Beholder: An Exploratory Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study', Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000681

Skaaning Knage, F 2025, 'Becoming an absent student: Analysing the complex entanglements in persistent school absence', Human Arenas, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 959-972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42087-023-00329-7

Pedersen, AM 2025, 'Becoming Data-Driven. Exploring data work and tensions in healthcare data journeys', Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, vol. 37, no. 2, 14, pp. 393-426. https://doi.org/10.17705/3SJIS/037.23

Pedersen, AM 2025 'Becoming Data-Driven: Exploring Data Work and Tensions in Healthcare Data Journeys' Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems, 13 edn, SJIS Preprints, pp. 1-29. <https://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis_preprints/13>

Nuriler, H , Smedegaard Ernst Bengtsen, S & Grant, B 2025, 'Becoming Impactful: Humanities doctoral researchers navigating a lively zone of entanglement', Arts and Humanities in Higher Education, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 194-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/14740222241302118

Cavaletti, F 2025, 'BECOMING PIXELS. SHAME, BODY PERCEPTION, AND AVATARS FROM REAL TO VIRTUAL WORLDS', Reti Saperi Linguaggi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 115-135. https://doi.org/10.12832/117340

Jensen, HJL 2025, 'Bededag: Hellighed og helligdag (terror og hygge). Et rekviem over Store Bededag', Kritisk Forum for Praktisk Teologi, vol. 46, no. 174, pp. 7-31. https://doi.org/10.7146/kfpt.v46i174.155305

Ottosen, C-O 2025, 'Bedømmelse ansøgning 25-P1-40-01', No. 2021-0245561, 2025-0798383, 1 p., Mar 06, 2025..

Thomsen, PT 2025, 'Bedre reproduktion ved forlænget laktation', Bovi : Til fremtidens mælkeproducent, vol. November 2025, pp. 27.

Bødker, H & Simonsen, S 2025, 'Beech Trees, Springtime, Cultures and Climates: Seasonal Journalism in Danish News Media from 1849 to 2023', Journalism Studies, vol. 26, no. 13, pp. 1645-1661. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2025.2559402

Drachmann, FF , Johansen, K , Kargo, M , Buitenhuis, AJ & Therkildsen, M 2025, 'Beef-on-dairy: current and potential meat quality of dairy-based beef production with culled Holstein cows and Danish Blue × Holstein crossbred calves', Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica A: Animal Sciences, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2024.2403656, https://doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2024.2403656

Thygesen, M 2025, 'Begær og modstand: Katie Mitchells iscenesættelse af Frøken Julie og Alfabet', Passage, vol. 39, no. 93, pp. 55-69. https://doi.org/10.7146/pas.v40i93.159687

Wiberg, M 2025, Begrebernes fest og håbet.

Wiberg, M 2025, Begrebernes fest og håbet - Festtale DPU 25 års jubilæum. Pædagogisk Filosofi. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DSSCmlwpng>

Wilde, N 2025, Begrebet Klimaangst: Et spørgsmål om tid. in R Rosfort & B Mørkøre Stigel Hansen (eds), Hvorfor Kierkegaard i dag?. Eksistensen.

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