Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Tarp, IS , Taasti, VT , Jensen, MF , Muren, LP & Jensen, K 2025, 'Comparison of two dual-energy CT-based methods for proton stopping-power ratio estimation in brain cancer patients with metal implants', Acta Oncologica, vol. 64, pp. 1168-1175. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2025.43930

Schmidt, AM 2025, 'Comparison of two multidisciplinary rehabilitation programmes in patients with chronic low back pain - A randomised controlled trial', Rehabilitation International World Congress, 07/09/2021 - 10/09/2021.

Rafiqi, K, Jørgensen, KF & Britze, A 2025, 'Comparison of Two Precurved Cochlear Implant Electrode Arrays from the Same Manufacturer: Electrophysiological Differences with Possible Implications for Fitting and Battery Life', Audiology and Neurotology, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000548485

Buus, TW , Mains, JR , Jensen, AB & Pedersen, EM 2025, 'Comparison of whole-body MRI and contrast-enhanced CT for treatment response assessment of mixed visceral- and bone-metastasizing breast cancer', Acta Radiologica , vol. 66, no. 12, 02841851251368896, pp. 1286-1294. https://doi.org/10.1177/02841851251368896

Baudoin, F, Grong, E, Rizzi, L & Vega-Molino, S 2025, 'Comparison theorems on H-type sub-Riemannian manifolds', Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations, vol. 64, no. 5, 143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-025-02992-w

Haenelt, S, Akay, C, Richnow, HH, Kümmel, S, Stryhanyuk, H, Müller, JA & Musat, N 2025, 'Compartment-specific effect of sulfamethoxazole at low μg/L concentrations on microbial nitrogen assimilation in a river system', Water Research X, vol. 28, 100390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wroa.2025.100390

Freibert, M & Swann, A 2025, 'Compatibility of Balanced and SKT Metrics on Two-Step Solvable Lie Groups', Transformation Groups, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 235-265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00031-023-09796-2

O'Toole, MS , Mikkelsen, MB, Arch, JJ, Tauber, NM , Elkjær, E & Michalak, J 2025, 'Compatibility of Components in Cognitive Behavioral Therapies: A Call for Combinatory Congruency', Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 194-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2023.12.006

Fredenslund, TT , Madsen, TMN, Strømgaard, AL & Nielsen, AH 2025, 'Competence Development for Post-Anaesthesia Care Nurses: A Structured Approach Using Pre- and Post-Tests', ICPAN - International Conference for PeriAnaesthesia Nurses (2025) i Dublin , Dublin, Ireland, 10/09/2025 - 12/09/2025.

Ballantyne, AG , Høvring, CM , Hansen, RR & Nielsen, TA 2025, 'Competence development in strategic communication studies: peer feedback as a driver for reflexive learning', Journal of Communication Management, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-12-2024-0260

Green-Pedersen, C & Seeberg, HB 2025, 'Competing on Competence. The Issue Profiles of Mainstream Parties in Western Europe', West European Politics, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 247-269. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2023.2278334

Søgaard, TF & Salinas, M 2025, 'Competing through service: Entrepreneurial Bricolage and the Servitization of Local Drug Markets', The British Journal of Criminology, vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1351–1368. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaf021

Sovacool, BK, Griffiths, S, Walnum, HJ, Furszyfer, DD & Iskandarova, M 2025, 'Competing values, ideologies and lock-in dependencies in sociotechnical pathways for industrial decarbonization', Environmental Science and Policy, vol. 165, 104017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2025.104017

Brorson, J , Lin, L , Wang, J , Bæk, A , Billeskov, TB , Thybo, FF , Just, J , Haskó, J , Ravn, C , Hansen, RL , Bue, M , Jørgensen, JOL , Luo, Y , Jessen, N & Farup, J 2025, 'Complementing muscle regeneration-fibro-adipogenic progenitor and macrophage-mediated repair of elderly human skeletal muscle', Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, 5233. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60627-2

Mistegaard, C , Troldborg, A, Torgutalp, M, Loft, AG , Thiel, S, Muche, B, Rios Rodriguez, V, Protopopov, M, Listing, J, Sieper, J, Poddubnyy, D & Proft, F 2025, 'Complement proteins in axial spondyloarthritis: associations with disease activity and TNFi treatment response in a multicentre RCT', Rheumatology Advances in Practice, vol. 9, no. 1, rkaf007. https://doi.org/10.1093/rap/rkaf007

Mistegaard, C , Troldborg, A, Torgutalp, M, Loft, AG , Thiel, S, Muche, B, Rios Rodriguez, V, Protopopov, M, Listing, J, Sieper, J, Poddubnyy, D & Proft, F 2025, 'Complement system activation is associated with spinal radiographic progression in axial spondyloarthritis after 2 years of follow-up: findings from the CONSUL RCT', RMD Open, vol. 11, no. 4, e006087. https://doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2025-006087

Katsaras, M, Sotiropoulou, V, Manali, E, Fouka, E, Papakosta, D, Bendstrup, E, Kolilekas, L, Tomos, I, Tzilas, V, Ntolios, P, Steiropoulos, P, Papanikolaou, I, Gogali, A, Kostikas, K, Tsiri, P, Papaioannou, O, Malakounidou, E, Theohari, E, Christopoulos, I, Sampsonas, F, Papiris, SA, Rovina, N, Bouros, D & Tzouvelekis, A 2025, 'Complete Blood Cell Count Parameters Predict Mortality in Patients with Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis', Diagnostics, vol. 15, no. 8, 1038. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081038

Tang, T, Valsøe, S, Soto-Serrano, A, Byrne, DV, Krych, L & Leisner, JJ 2025, 'Complete genome sequence of Weissella soli strain 3-88 isolated from Kaldá river in Iceland', Microbiology Resource Announcements, vol. 14, no. 8. https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.00438-25

Si, J, Dai, D, Gorkhali, NA, Wang, M, Wang, S, Sapkota, S, Kadel, RC, Sadaula, A, Dhakal, A, Faruque, MO, Omar, AI, Sari, EM, Ashari, H, Dagong, MIA, Yindee, M, Rushdi, HE, Elregalaty, H, Amin, A, Radwan, MA, Pham, LD, Hulugalla, WMMP, Silva, GLLP, Zheng, W, Mansoor, S, Ali, MB, Vahidi, F, Al-Bayatti, SA, Pauciullo, A, Lenstra, JA, Barker, JSF, Fang, L, Wu, D-D, Han, J & Zhang, Y 2025, 'Complete Genomic Landscape Reveals Hidden Evolutionary History and Selection Signature in Asian Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)', Advanced Science, vol. 12, no. 4, 2407615, pp. e2407615. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202407615

Cirkovic, E & Wood, D 2025, 'Complex Earth–outer space systems and new spacetime for international law', International Journal of Law in Context, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 300-313. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744552325100086

Sigurdsson, AI, Gräf, JF, Yang, Z, Ravn, K, Meisner, J, Thielemann, R, Webel, H, Smit, RAJ, Niu, L, Mann, M, Vilhjalmsson, B, Neale, BM, Holm, J-C, Ganna, A, Hansen, T, Loos, RJF, Rasmussen, S & FinnGen 2026, 'Complex genetic effects linked to plasma protein abundance in the UK Biobank', Nature Communications, vol. 17, no. 1, 533. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-67235-0

Deco, G, Sanz Perl, Y & Kringelbach, ML 2025, 'Complex harmonics reveal low-dimensional manifolds of critical brain dynamics', Physical Review E, vol. 111, no. 1, 014410. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.111.014410

Daems, D & Gheorghiade, P 2026, Complexity and Networks During the 1st Millennium in Northern Jordan. in Social Complexity in Northern Jordan in the First Millennium BCE. Assessing Settlement Patterns through Archaeological Survey and Excavation. Bloomsbury Academic, United Kingdom.

Jensen, TR & Černý, R 2025, Complex metal hydridoborates. in Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage, Volume 1: Fundamentals. vol. 1, Elsevier, pp. 233-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-33370-5.00002-7

Tange Olsen, M, Löytynoja, A, Valtonen, M, Knudsen, SW, Bang, S, Gunnersen, C, Rosing-Asvid, A, Ferguson, SH, Dietz, R, Kovacs, KM, Lydersen, C, Jernvall, J, Auvinen, P & Galatius, A 2025, 'Complex Origins and History of the Relict Fennoscandian Ringed Seals', Ecology and Evolution, vol. 15, no. 3, e71067. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.71067

Holck, EN , Andreasen, LN , Hansen, EK , Thomsen, JS , Brüel, A , Johansen, P , Christiansen, EH & Jakobsen, L 2025, 'Complex Treatment of a Coronary Bifurcation Perforation With a Dual-Covered Stent Strategy', JACC: Case Reports, vol. 30, no. 7, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2025.103382

Siem Joensen, B, Bodtger, U, Laursen, CB, Hallifax, RJ, Iqbal, B & Skaarup, SH 2025, 'Complications during chest tube drainage for iatrogenic pneumothorax', European Clinical Respiratory Journal, vol. 12, no. 1, 2453255, pp. 2453255. https://doi.org/10.1080/20018525.2025.2453255

Welinder, AF, Kocemba, D , Kuang, VH & Rasmussen, MM 2025, 'Complications during lumbar selective nerve root block: a scoping review', Acta Neurochirurgica, vol. 167, no. 1, 329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-025-06747-6

Drobniak, A, Mastalerz, M, Jelonek, Z, Jelonek, I, Acda, MN, Adsul, T, Andolšek, NM, Animali, L, Ardakani, OH, Ataide, T, Batbold, D, Bhat, MY, Congo, T, Donohoe, BS, Ehinola, OA, Flores, D, Fonseca, C, Ghosh, S, Gonçalves, P, Hackley, PC, Hower, JC, Jargal, L, Johnston, M, Kalatzidis, S, Kędzior, S, Knowles, W, Kumar, S, Kus, J, Lis, G, Lis, K, Liu, B, Liu, B, Luo, Q, Du, M, Mencarelli, A, Mishra, D, Misz-Kennan, M, Mitillo, N, Muzyka, R, Nedzweckas, JL, O'Keefe, JMK, Omodeo-Salé, S, Oyunjargal, L, Park, J, Patria, AA, Pearson, R, Petersen, HI, Predeanu, G, Ranjin, G, Reyes, J, Ribeiro, J, de la Rosa Rodríguez, G, Rudra, A, Sajdak, M, Sanders, M, Siavalas, G, Sosnowski, P, Varma, AK, Wojtaszek-Kalaitzidi, M, Wolszczak, M, Xu, Z, Zdravkov, A, Zhao, L, Zielińska, M & Ziemianin, K 2025, 'Component identification of solid biomass fuels using reflected light microscopy: Interlaboratory study 2', International Journal of Coal Geology, vol. 307, 104814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2025.104814

Talasila, P , Gomes, C, Vosteen, LB, Iven, H, Leucker, M, Gil, S, Mikkelsen, PH, Kamburjan, E & Larsen, PG 2025, 'Composable digital twins on Digital Twin as a Service platform', Simulation, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 287-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/00375497241298653

Chen, J, Sun, Y, Dan, L, Wellens, J, Yuan, S, Yang, H, Tong, TYN, Cross, AJ, Papadimitriou, N, Meyer, A, Dahm, CC, Larsson, SC, Wolk, A, Ludvigsson, JF, Tsilidis, K, Giovannucci, E, Satsangi, J, Wang, X, Theodoratou, E, Chan, SSM, Li, X & EPIC Investigators (Anja Olsen, member) 2025, 'Composition of plant-based diets and the incidence and prognosis of inflammatory bowel disease: a multinational retrospective cohort study', The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, vol. 52, 101264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101264

Gregersen, PA, Hammarsjö, A, Graversen, L, Brix, N, Lindelöf, H, Jensen, UB , Farholt, S , Rubak, S, Bjerre, J, Piticchio, SG, Terkelsen, T, Nishimura, G, Hellfritzsch, MB & Grigelioniene, G 2025, 'Compound heterozygosity for two variants in BMP5 in human skeletal dysostosis with atrioventricular septal defect', Clinical Genetics, vol. 107, no. 1, pp. 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/cge.14616

Engel, C, Rendek, M, Assoumani, J, Argilli, E, Ariani, F, Avice-Denizet, AL, Bijlsmaa, EK, Blanc, P, Bruno, LP, Callewaert, B, Capra, V, Carullo, M, Chesneau, B, Coppens, S, Curry, C, Dale, B, Dahlen, E, Delahaye-Duriez, A, Denommé-Pichon, AS, Demeer, B, Dvořáková, L, Fischer, J, Geneviève, D, Giacomini, T, Handrup, MM, Heron, D, Hüning, I, Iacomino, M, Isidor, B, Keren, B, Kmoch, S, Koolen, DA, Kübler, A, Laštůvková, J, Le, C, Levy, J, Rizzo, CL, Maitz, S, Marlin, S, Mignot, C, Mirzaa, G, Nagel, I, Neuens, S, Nosková, L, Pao, E, Pecková, A, Plaisancie, J, Porrmann, J, Privitera, F, Reis, A, Renieri, A, Rio, M, Rippert, A, Ryba, L, Scala, M, Schieving, JH, Sherr, EH, Shuen, A, Sidlow, R, Smol, T, Soblet, J, Striano, P, Suri, M, Syryn, H, Tran Mau-Them, F, Travessa, AM, Van Gils, J, Vasileiou, G, Verseput, JJA, Vilain, C, Vincent-Delorme, C, Vyhnálková, E, Wakeling, EL, Zacher, P, Zara, F, Kuentz, P & Piard, J 2025, 'Comprehensive analysis of CNOT3-related neurodevelopmental disorders: phenotypic and genotypic characterization', European Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 33, no. 8, pp. 989-996. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-025-01884-z

van der Have, O, Wåhlander, H, Hofbard, T, Abele, D, Alpman, MS, Weinreich, ID, Böhmer, J, Nilsson, J, Holgersson, J, Liedberg, AS, Tran-Lundmark, K & Odermarsky, M 2025, 'Comprehensive Analysis of the First 35 Years of Pediatric Heart Transplantation in Sweden', Pediatric Transplantation, vol. 29, no. 6, e70154. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.70154

Guven, ZA 2025, 'Comprehensive analysis study of techniques in different domains for Turkish music genre classification task', Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 3005-3021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10771-5

Raina, P, Mungi, NA, Kumar, U, Rathi, AD, Khan, NH, Patel, DA, Bhasin, A, Bisht, S, Hiby, L, Pandav, B, Sultan, MS, Takpa, JJ & Jhala, YV 2025, 'Comprehensive assessment of snow leopard distribution and population in the Indian Trans-Himalaya, Ladakh: Standardizing methods for evidence-based conservation', PLoS One, vol. 20, no. 5, e0322136. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322136

Andersen, TM, Andersen, AM, Riemenschneider, M , Taul-Madsen, L, Diechmann, M, Gaemelke, T , Dalgas, U, Brønd, JC & Hvid, LG 2025, 'Comprehensive evaluation of accelerometer-based physical activity in persons with multiple sclerosis - The influence of disability status and its impact on walking capacity', Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders, vol. 93, 106243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2024.106243

Prip, F , Lamy, P , Lindskrog, SV , Strandgaard, T , Nordentoft, I , Birkenkamp-Demtröder, K , Birkbak, NJ , Kristjánsdóttir, N , Kjær, A , Andreasen, TG , Ahrenfeldt, J , Pedersen, JS , Rasmussen, AM, Hermann, GG, Mogensen, K, Petersen, AC, Hartmann, A, Grimm, MO, Horstmann, M, Nawroth, R, Segersten, U, Sikic, D, van Kessel, KEM, Zwarthoff, EC, Maurer, T, Simic, T, Malmström, PU, Malats, N, Jensen, JB, Real, FX, Dyrskjøt, L & UROMOL Consortium 2025, 'Comprehensive genomic characterization of early-stage bladder cancer', Nature Genetics, vol. 57, no. 1, 2301, pp. 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-02030-z

Prior, KS , Ørum, M , Jensen, BT , Gregersen, M , Junker, T, Rasmussen, SH, Ryg, J, Livbjerg, AH, Pedersen, A, Jensen, JB & Kingo, PS 2025, 'Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment for perioperative optimization in older patients with bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy – A national randomized clinical trial (COMPETENCE)', EUGMS - European Society of Geriatric Medicine , Reykjavik, 24/09/2025 - 26/09/2025.

Taira, A, Aavikko, M, Katainen, R, Kaasinen, E, Välimäki, N, Ravantti, J, Ristimäki, A, Seppälä, TT, Renkonen-Sinisalo, L, Lepistö, A, Tahkola, K, Mattila, A, Koskensalo, S, Mecklin, J-P, Böhm, J, Bramsen, JB , Andersen, CL, Palin, K, Rajamäki, K, Aaltonen, LA & iCAN 2025, 'Comprehensive metabolomic and epigenomic characterization of microsatellite stable BRAF-mutated colorectal cancer', Oncogene, vol. 44, no. 22, e1600200, pp. 1718-1730. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-025-03326-y