Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Beck-Nielsen, S 2015, Vitamin D. in Ernæring til spædbørn og småbørn: en håndbog for sundhedspersonale. 1. edn, Sundhedsstyrelsen, pp. 122-128. <https://sundhedsstyrelsen.dk/da/nyheder/2015/~/media/2986643F11A44FA18595511799032F85.ashx>

Mondul, AM, Shui, IM, Yu, K, Weinstein, SJ, Tsilidis, KK, Joshi, AD, Agudo, A, Berg, CD, Black, A, Buring, JE, Chasman, DI, Gaudet, MM, Haiman, C, Hankinson, SE, Henderson, BE, Hoover, RN, Hunter, DJ, Khaw, K-T, Kühn, T, Kvaskoff, M, LeMarchand, L, Lindstrom, S, McCullough, M, Overvad, K, Peeters, PH, Riboli, E, Ridker, PM, Stram, DO, Sund, M, Trichopoulos, D, Tumino, R, Weiderpass, E, Willett, WC, Kraft, P, Ziegler, RG & Albanes, D 2015, 'Vitamin D-associated genetic variation and risk of breast cancer in the Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3)', Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 627-30. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-1127

Winckler, K, Tarnow, L, Lundby-Christensen, L, Almdal, TP, Wiinberg, N, Eiken, P, Boesgaard, TW & CIMT trial group 2015, 'Vitamin D, carotid intima-media thickness and bone structure in patients with type 2 diabetes', Endocrine Connections, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 128-35. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0034

Hymøller, L & Jensen, SK 2015, Vitamin D fysiologi og forsyning hos malkekvæg. in P Lund (ed.), Malkekoens ernæring: - Fodringsstrategier målrettet produktivitet og miljøhensyn. vol. 60, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, pp. 65-74, Temamøde: Malkekoens ernæring, Foulum, Denmark, 23/04/2015.

Beck-Nielsen, SS 2015, 'Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort', The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 633-8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.103655

Lu, X, Elizondo, RA, Nielsen, R , Christensen, EI, Yang, J, Hammock, BD & Watsky, MA 2015, 'Vitamin D in Tear Fluid', Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 5880-5887. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-17177

Schæbel, LK , Bonefeld-Jørgensen, EC , Laurberg, P, Vestergaard, H & Andersen, S 2015, 'Vitamin D-rich marine Inuit diet and markers of inflammation - a population-based survey in Greenland', Journal of Nutritional Science, vol. 4, pp. e40. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2015.33

de Koning, EJ, van Schoor, NM, Penninx, BWJH, Elders, PJM, Heijboer, AC, Smit, JH, Bet, PM, van Tulder, MW, den Heijer, M, van Marwijk, HWJ & Lips, P 2015, 'Vitamin D supplementation to prevent depression and poor physical function in older adults: Study protocol of the D-Vitaal study, a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial', BMC Geriatrics, vol. 15, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0148-3

Lauridsen, C 2015, Vitamins and Immunity in Swine. in Proceedings: Forum de Vitaminas DSM 2015. pp. 22-22, DSM Forum de Vitaminas 2015, Campinas, Brazil, 16/06/2015.

Ringsmose, C 2015, 'Vi tester hvor gærdet er lavest', Pædagogisk Psykologisk Tidsskrift, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 112-123.

Skiveren, T 2015, 'Vi vender tilbage til naturen, om vi vil det eller ej', Jyllands-Posten, pp. 20.

Kingo, OS 2015, 'Vi vil hellere have elektrisk stød end at være i selskab med os selv', Politiken. <http://politiken.dk/debat/ECE2506481/vi-vil-hellere-have-elektrisk-stoed-end-vaere-i-selskab-med-os-selv/>

Simonsen, SF , Heiberg, J , Laustsen, S & Hjortdal, VE 2015, 'Vo2max Test and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients Treated Surgically for Acute Aortic Dissection', American College of Sports Medicine 62nd Annual Meeting - 6th World Congress on Exercise is Medicine and World Congress on the Basic Science of Exercise Fatigue, San Diego, United States, 26/05/2015 - 30/05/2015.

Kersh, N & Juul, I 2015, Vocational education and training (VET) as a career path for young people: making choices in England and Denmark. LLAKES research papers, vol. 52, LLAKES Centre for Learning and Life Chances in Knowledge Economies and Societies, London. <http://www.llakes.ac.uk/sites/llakes.ac.uk/files/52.%20Kersh%20and%20Juul.pdf>

Bundgaard, A 2015, Voces póstumas que perviven en Los girasoles ciegos. in I López Guil & CA Yeregui (eds), Los girasoles ciegos de Alberto Méndez 10 años después. Antonio Machado Libros, Madrid, pp. 211-228.

Fusaroli, R, Lambrechts, A, Yarrow, K, Maras, K & Gaigg, S 2015, 'Voice patterns in adult English speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorder', IMFAR 2015, Salt Lake City, United States, 13/05/2015 - 16/05/2015.

Fusaroli, R, Lambrechts, A, Yarrow, K, Maras, K & Gaigg, S 2015, 'Voice Patterns in Adult English Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorder', IMFAR 2015, Salt Lake City, United States, 13/05/2015 - 16/05/2015.

Luca, A 2015, 'Volatile organic compounds as markers for postharvest quality changes of leafy green vegetables'.

Himmelboe, M , Luca, A , Rocha, RDP , Bertelsen, MG & Edelenbos, M 2015, 'Volatile profiling of hot water dipped apples', III International Symposium on Postharvest Pathology, Bari, Italy, 07/06/2015 - 11/06/2015.

Caporin, M, Rossi, E & Santucci de Magistris, P 2015, 'Volatility Jumps and Their Economic Determinants', Journal of Financial Econometrics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 29-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbu028

Riede, F 2015, Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present – towards a palaeosocial volcanology. in Past Vulnerability: Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 9-22.

Torfing, LH 2015, Volcanoes as cultural artefacts in Iceland: Risk perception, metaphors and categorisation in a society with no 'before'. in F Riede (ed.), Past Vulnerability: Volcanic eruptions and human vulnerability in traditional societies past and present . Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 89-109.

Lindekilde, L & Bertelsen, P 2015, 'Voldelig transnational aktivisme: Islamisk Stat, foreign fighters og radikalisering', Dansk Sociologi, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 29-51.

Elklit, J 2015, 'Vold og valg', Weekendavisen, vol. Ideer, pp. 12-13.

Telinius, N, Majgaard, J, Kim, S, Katballe, N, Pahle, E , Nielsen, J , Hjortdal, V , Aalkjaer, C & Bødtkjer, DMB 2015, 'Voltage-gated sodium channels contribute to action potentials and spontaneous contractility in isolated human lymphatic vessels', The Journal of Physiology, vol. 593, no. 14, pp. 3109-3122. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP270166

Seviour, TW, Doyle, LE, Lauw, SJL, Hinks, J, Rice, SA, Nesatyy, VJ, Webster, RD, Kjelleberg, S & Marsili, E 2015, 'Voltammetric profiling of redox-active metabolites expressed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for diagnostic purposes', Chemical Communications, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 3789-3792 . https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC08590F

Chen, F , Rosenberg, R , Nyengaard, JR & Dorph-Petersen, K-A 2015, Volume and cell number of the human hippocampus: a postmortem stereological study of hippocampus in depression, schizophrenia, and suicide. in 14th International Congress of Stereology and Image Analysis. Proceedings: Exploring New Dimensions in Imaging. 14th International Congress of Stereology and Image Analysis (ICSIA), Liège, Belgium, 07/07/2015.

Espir, C, Guerreiro-Tanomaru, JM, Spin-Neto, R, Cháves-Andrade, G, Berbert, F & Tanomaru-Filho, M 2015, 'Volumetric Stability, Solubility, and Sealing Capacity of MTA-based Materials', IADR, Boston, United States, 11/03/2015 - 14/03/2015.

Eichner, S & Prommer, E 2015, 'Von der Mediennutzung zu ’Doing Media’: Multiperspektivität als Theorie- und Forschungskonzept', Gemeinsame Jahrestagung der Fachgruppen Computervermittelte Kommunikation und Soziologie der Medienkommunikation der DGPuK, Berlin, Germany, 05/11/2015 - 07/11/2015.

Nielsen, TR 2015, '"Vores ø, Vores by, Vores stolthed": Kunsten ude på kanten: Morsø Festuge 2014', Peripeti.

Friis, S 2015, 'Vores sikkerhed og verdens udvikling: sikkerhed, bistand og begrebsforandring mellem Danmark og FN', TEMP. Tidsskrift for historie, no. 10, pp. 116-142.

Hymøller, L 2015, Vores viden om hestes vitamin D-behov er mangelfuld.

Hug, D, Kiderlen, M & Svane, AM 2015 'Voronoi-based estimation of Minkowski tensors from ﬁnite point samples' CSGB Research Reports, vol. 2016/06, arxiv.org. < http://math.au.dk/publs?publid=1069>

Laustsen, L , Petersen, MB & A. Klofstad, C 2015, 'Vote Choice, Ideology, and Social Dominance Orientation Influence Preferences for Lower Pitched Voices in Political Candidates', Evolutionary Psychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704915600576

Bøggild, T & Laustsen, L 2015, 'Voting for Dominance? Intra-Group Contexts and Ethnic Markers Shape Preferences for Facial Dominance in Political Candidates', Paper presented at MPSA 2015 Conference, Chicago, United States, 16/04/2015 - 19/04/2015.

Spin-Neto, R 2015, 'Voxel value variation and patient movement in cone beam CT', Aarhus.

Schmitt-John, T 2015, 'Vps54 and the wobbler mouse', Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 9, 381. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00381

Sovacool, B 2015, Vulnerabilities to Climate Change: Adaptation in the Asia-Pacific Region. in PG Harris & G Lang (eds), Routledge Handbook of Environment and Society in Asia . Routledge, London, pp. 353-366. <http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415659857/>

Schleicher, M 2015, Vulnerable Genders, Vulnerable Loves: Genealogies in Jewish Religion. in SV Pfister & K Gardiner (eds), Past and Present: Perspectives on Gender and Love. Inter-Disciplinary Press, Oxford, pp. 25-34. <http://www.inter-disciplinary.net/publishing/product/past-and-present-perspectives-on-gender-and-love>

Timmermann, K & Erichsen, AC 2015, 'Vurdering af alternative metoder til beregning af indsatsbehov og målbelastning', 14 p..

Kanstrup, N 2015, Vurdering af behov for udsætning af bæver på Borris Skydeterræn.