Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Mathiassen, SK 2015, 'Tidsler kan ikke udryddes på ét år', Mark, no. 1, pp. 24-25. <http://www.landbrugsmedierne.dk/Magasiner/Mark/Mark.htm>

Bach, D 2015, 'Tigermødre som ideal eller skrækscenarie: forandringer af forældreskabsnormer i Danmark og Singapore', Jordens Folk, vol. 50, no. 3/4, pp. 14-23.

Thoke, HS, Tobiesen, A, Brewer, JR, Hansen, PL, Stock, R, Olsen, LF & Bagatolli, L 2015, 'Tight Coupling of Metabolic Oscillations and Intracellular Water Dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117308

Madsen, LHG 2015, Tilbageholdsret. in B Iversen, LH Kristensen & LHG Madsen (eds), Panteret. 5 edn, Karnov Group, København, pp. 459-476.

Bruun, MH 2015, 'Til bords med robotten: Et teknoantropologisk feltarbejde blandt mennesker og robotter', Jordens Folk, vol. 50, no. 1-2, pp. 52-59.

Rohde, C 2015, Tilbudspligt. in M Birk, C Rohde & MK Stolt (eds), Lejeloven: med kommentarer. Djøf Forlag, Kbh., pp. 969-1022.

Schou, TM & Malmkvist, J 2015, Tildeling af halm i vinterperioden viser, at mink har tidlig motivation for redebygning og øger kuldstørrelsen. in SH Møller & J Malmkvist (eds), Temadag om aktuel minkforskning: DCA rapport nr. 066. vol. 66, DCA - Nationalt Center for Fødevarer og Jordbrug, pp. 23-31, Temadag om aktuel minkforskning, Foulum, Denmark, 15/09/2015. <http://web.agrsci.dk/djfpublikation/djfpdf/DCArapport066.pdf>

Pedersen, VA (ed.) & Grundtvig, NFS 2015, Til Elises Søster. (Ved liden Dideriks Vugge). Grundtvigs Værker. <http://www.grundtvigsværker.dk/tekstvisning/7510/0#{"0":0,"v0":0,"k":0}>

Korsgaard, O 2015, Til et folk de alle høre, som sig regne selv dertil. in L Ericsson (ed.), Att samtala fram en ny värld: om konsten att förverkliga demokrati genom mänskliga rättigheter. Ordfront förlag, Stockholm, pp. 128-134.

Sarauw, LL 2015, 'Til forsvar for human-ismerne', Weekendavisen, pp. 14.

Schanz, H-J 2015, Til Grønkjær - stumper. in B Stoklund Larsen & P Aaboe Sørensen (eds), Kristendommens fornuft : Niels Gjønkjær 60 år. 1 edn, Forlaget Anis, København, pp. 127-135.

Andersen, CM & Pedersen, AF 2015, 'Tilknytningsstil og kræftudredning i almen praksis', Practicus, vol. 39, pp. 14-15. <http://viewer.zmags.com/publication/f98e9b3d#/f98e9b3d/14>

Pedersen, RB 2015, 'Tilkoblings- og afkoblingsstrategier i dansk udenrigspolitik: Udvikling og tendenser i de danske udenrigspolitiske doktriner ', Politik, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 37-45.

Narloch, W, Piotrowski, JA, Wysota, W & Tylmann, K 2015, 'Till formation under a soft-bedded palaeo-ice stream of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet, constrained using qualitative and quantitative microstructural analyses', Sedimentary Geology, vol. 326, pp. 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.06.011

Svendsen, GT 2015, 'Tillid sparer penge', Offentlig Ledelse, vol. 2015, no. 1. <http://offentligledelse.dk/tillid-sparer-penge/>

Pedersen, VA (ed.) & Grundtvig, NFS 2015, Til Professor Sverdrup (Ved liden Regines Kiste i Dimmelugen). Grundtvigs Værker. <http://www.grundtvigsværker.dk/tekstvisning/7511/0#{"0":0,"v0":0,"k":0}>

Hansen, JW 2015, Tilstand og udvikling. in Marine områder 2013: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 123, pp. 114-119. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR123.pdf>

Hansen, JW 2015, Tilstand og udvikling. in JW Hansen (ed.), Marine områder 2014: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 167, pp. 113-118. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR167.pdf>

Hansen, JW 2015, Tilstand og udvikling i miljø- og naturkvaliteten. in JW Hansen (ed.), Marine områder 2014: NOVANA. Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 167, pp. 30-31. <http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR167.pdf>

Hudert, MM 2015, Timberfabric Structures: Material and Assembly-Driven Design. in S Pfeiffer (ed.), Interlocking Digital and Material Cultures. Spurbuchverlag.

Menouti, K, Akiva-Kabiri, L, Banissy, MJ & Stewart, L 2015, 'Timbre-colour synaesthesia: exploring the consistency of associations based on timbre', Cortex, vol. 63, pp. 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2014.08.009

Pelckmans, L 2015 'Timbuktu: A quest for visual engagement with jihad in Africa' DIIS Comment, Danish Institute for International Studies. <http://www.diis.dk/node/5439>

Dalsgaard, S & Nielsen, M (eds) 2015, Time and the Field. Berghahn Books.

Hansen, AS 2015, 'Time and Trust: Impact of historical networks on aid distribution in Africa', Paper presented at Africa-Asia, Accra, Ghana, 24/09/2015 - 27/09/2015.

Khosravani moghadam, E, Shafiri, MB, Rafiee, S & Hatami, P 2015, 'Time-Cost-Quality Optimization of Broilers Production Process Using Integration Genetic Algorithm and Fuzzy Logic', Iranian Journal of Biosystem Engineering. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275436981_Time-Cost-Quality_Optimization_of_Broilers_Production_Process_Using_Integration_Genetic_Algorithm_and_Fuzzy_Logic>

Spirito, CM, Daley, SE, Werner, JJ & Angenent, L 2015, Time course analysis of the effects of antibiotic disturbances on anaerobic reactor microbiomes. in 14th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion. 14th World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Vina del Mar, Chile, 15/11/2015.

Popoli, M, Musazzi, L, Tornese, P, Sala, N, Treccani, G, Bazzini, C, Wegener, G , Nyengaard, JR & Nava, N 2015, 'Time-dependent changes induced by acute stress in function and architecture of excitatory synapses in prefrontal and frontal cortex', Neuroscience 2015, Chicago, IL, United States, 17/10/2015 - 21/10/2015.

Schmidt, M , Horváth-Puhó, E , Pedersen, L , Sørensen, HT & Bøtker, HE 2015, 'Time-dependent effect of preinfarction angina pectoris and intermittent claudication on mortality following myocardial infarction: A Danish nationwide cohort study', International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 187, pp. 462-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.328

Treccani, G , Nava, N, Musazzi, L, Milanese, M, Perego, C, Bonifacino, T, Bonanno, G, Popoli, M, Nyengaard, JR & Wegener, G 2015, 'Time-dependent effects of acute stress on glutamate synapse', CINP CINP Thematic Meeting on Stress, inflammation and depression: focus on novel antidepressant targets, 04/06/2015 - 06/06/2015.

Treccani, G , Nava, N, Musazzi, L, Milanese, M, Perego, C, Bonifacino, T, Bonanno, G, Popoli, M, Nyengaard, JR & Wegener, G 2015, 'Time-dependent effects of acute stress on glutamate synapse', The Brain Prize Meeting 2015, Middelfart, Denmark, 02/11/2015 - 04/11/2015.

Abbiati, G, Ceravolo, R & Surace, C 2015, 'Time-dependent Estimators for On-Line Monitoring of Full-Scale Structures under Ambient Excitation', Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 60-61, pp. 166-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2014.10.018

Treccani, G , du Jardin, KG , Wegener, G & Müller, HK 2015, 'Time-dependent functional changes induced by ketamine in the glutamate system: focus on glutamate release, glutamate receptors and dendritic morphology', 56th Annual Conference if the SCNP, Copenhagen, Denmark, 22/04/2015 - 24/04/2015.

Miyagi, H & Madsen, LB 2015, 'Time-dependent restricted-active-space self-consistent-field theory with space-partition concept: Beyond time-dependent R-matrix theories', 5th International conference on, Québec, Canada, 05/07/2015 - 10/07/2015.

Waldecker, L, Miller, TA, Rudé, M, Bertoni, R, Osmond, J, Pruneri, V, Simpson, RE, Ernstorfer, R & Wall, S 2015, 'Time-domain separation of optical properties from structural transitions in resonantly bonded materials', Nature Materials, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 991-995. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4359

Badam, SK, Zhao, J, Elmqvist, N & Ebert, DS 2015, TimeFork: Mixed-initiative time-series prediction. in M Chen, D Ebert & C North (eds), 2014 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2014 - Proceedings., 7042501, IEEE, IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, pp. 223-224, 2014 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2014, Paris, France, 09/10/2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/VAST.2014.7042501

Krogh, K, Pilegaard, M & Eika, B 2015, 'Time for reflection. The balance between repetition and feedback in resuscitation training. A randomised controlled trial.', Advances in Emergency Medicine, no. id 593625.

Asmussen, S, Ivanovs, J & Rønn-Nielsen, A 2015 'Time inhomogeneity in longest gap and longest run problems' Thiele Research Reports, no. 07, T.N. Thiele Centre, Department of Mathematics, Aarhus University. <http://math.au.dk/publs?publid=1054>

Gajdacz, M, Das, KK, Arlt, J , Sherson, JF & Opatrný, T 2015, 'Time-limited optimal dynamics beyond the Quantum Speed Limit', Physical Review A, vol. 92, no. 6, 062106. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.062106

Larsen, KG, Nelson, J & Nguyen, HL 2015, Time Lower Bounds for Nonadaptive Turnstile Streaming Algorithms. in R Servedio & R Rubinfeld (eds), Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual ACM on Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC '15. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 803-812, Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, Portland, United States, 14/06/2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2746539.2746542

Sahlertz Kristiansen, N 2015, 'Time-of-admission related Variation in Quality of Care and Patient Outcome – Studies of Off-hours-effect among Patients with Acute Stroke and Patients with Hip Fracture Admitted to Danish hospitals'.

Fusaroli, R, Perlman, M, Mislove, A, Paxton, A, Matlock, T & Dale, R 2015, 'Timescales of massive human entrainment', PLoS One, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. e0122742. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122742

Koopman, SJM & Commandeur, JJF 2015, Time Series: State Space Methods. in J Wright (ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 2 edn, Elsevier, pp. 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.42091-X

Otto, T 2015, Times of the Other: The temporalities of Ethnographic Fieldwork. in S Dalsgaard & M Nielsen (eds), Time and the Field. Berghahn Books, New York - Oxford, pp. 64-79.

Wiuff Andersen, L, Berg, KM, Saindon, BZ, Massaro, JM, Raymond, TT, Berg, RA, Nadkarni, VM, Donnino, MW & American Heart Association Get With the Guidelines–Resuscitation Investigators 2015, 'Time to Epinephrine and Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest', JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 314, no. 8, pp. 802-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.9678

O'Neill, S, Khashan, A, Kenny, L, Kearney, P, Mortensen, P, Greene, R, Agerbo, E , Uldbjerg, N & Henriksen, TB 2015, 'Time to subsequent live birth according to mode of delivery in the first birth', B J O G, vol. 122, no. 9, pp. 1207–1215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13359

Nørgaard, A, Jensen-Dahm, C, Gasse, C, Hansen, HV & Waldemar, G 2015, 'Time Trends in Antipsychotic Drug Use in Patients with Dementia: A Nationwide Study', Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 211-220. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-150481

Irarrazabal, A & Parra-Alvarez, JC 2015 'Time-varying disaster risk models: An empirical assessment of the Rietz-Barro hypothesis' CREATES Research Paper, no. 2015-08, Institut for Økonomi, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus.

Dickie, JE, Scott, J & Blakemore, H 2015, Timing and conditions of mineralisation of the Blackwater Creek Dike, Reefton, New Zealand. in Proceedings of the 48th Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Conference .

Schropp, L & Wenzel, A 2015, 'Timing of single implant placement and long-term observation of marginal bone levels', Foundation for Oral Rehabilitation Consensus Meeting, Mainz, Germany, 06/10/2015 - 08/10/2015.

Spindler, K-LG, Christensen, IJ, Nielsen, HJ, Jakobsen, A & Brünner, N 2015, 'TIMP-1 and CEA as biomarkers in third-line treatment with irinotecan and cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer', Tumor Biology, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 4301-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-015-3069-z

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen