Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Li, L, Wan, L, Krueger, V & Zhang, X 2025, 3D Hand-Eye Calibration for Collaborative Robot Arm: Look at Robot Base Once. in Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics - (Volume 2). vol. 2, SCITEPRESS Digital Library, pp. 333-341, 22nd International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics, ICINCO 2025, Marbella, Spain, 20/10/2025. https://doi.org/10.5220/0013738500003982

Hasan, J , Amarasinghe, Y , Frydendahl, C , Jeppesen, BR , Klarskov, P & Han, Z 2025, '3-dimensional THz metasurface for sensing applications'.

Cáceres, M, Villalobos, FA, Prada-Sarmiento, LF, Fumeron, J & Moffat, R 2025, '3D Numerical Modeling of DMT Penetration and Membrane Expansion in Sand', International Journal of Geomechanics, vol. 25, no. 10, 04025222. https://doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-10435

Zhao, Y, Olin, RB, Hansen, ESS , Laustsen, C, Hanson, LG & Ardenkjær-Larsen, JH 2025, '3D quantitative myocardial perfusion imaging with hyperpolarized HP001(bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-[1-¹³C]cyclopropane-d8): Application of gradient echo and balanced SSFP sequences', Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 93, no. 2, pp. 814-827. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.30320

Andresen, AH , Lassen-Ramshad, Y , Lukacova, S , Rønn Hansen, C & Kallehauge, JF 2025, '3D Swin Transformer for patient-specific proton dose prediction of brain cancer patients', Acta Oncologica, vol. 64, pp. 1489-1496. https://doi.org/10.2340/1651-226X.2025.43969

Manakhov, P 2025, '3D UI Placement for Interaction on the Go', PhD, Aarhus University.

Hansen, N, Hvid-Hansen, A, Moller, F, Bek, T , Larsen, D, Jacobsen, N & Kessel, L 2025, '3-year results of 0.01% and 0.1% loading dose atropine treatment including washout in Danish children with myopia: a placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial', British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 109, no. 9, bjo-2024-326918, pp. 1056-1063. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo-2024-326918

Ravn, I 2025, 4 faktorer der er afgørende for at skabe mening i arbejdslivet. <https://www.lederweb.dk/4-faktorer-der-er-afgoerende-for-at-skabe-mening-i-arbejdslivet/>

Canibe, N , Jerez-Bogota, K , Knudsen, KEB & Jensen, SK 2025, '51. Yeast produced on milk permeate reduce post-weaning diarrhea in piglets', 16th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs (DPP2025), Lake Geneva, United States, 20/05/2025 - 23/05/2025 pp. 331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2025.07.052

Kroier, M , Schönherz, AA , Lærke, HN, Sloth, NM, Loomans , M, Koehorst, J, Suarez-Diez, M & Canibe, N 2025, '56. The effect of protein level and essential amino acid supplementation on the gut microbiota and its metabolic function in weaned piglets', 16th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs , Lake Geneva, United States, 20/05/2025 - 23/05/2025 pp. 333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2025.07.057

Lakkireddy, D, Ellis, CR, Thaler, D, Swarup, V, Gambhir, A, Hermiller, J, Nielsen-Kudsk, JE, Worthley, S, Nair, D, Schmidt, B, Horton, R, Gupta, N, Anderson, JA, Zhao, H, Alkhouli, M & Windecker, S 2025, '5-Year Results From the AMPLATZER Amulet Left Atrial Appendage Occluder Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 85, no. 11, pp. 1141-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2024.10.101

Britto-Júnior, J, Lima, AT, Oliveira, DL, Mariano, FV, de Souza, VB, Schenka, AA, Peterson, LW, Slot, MS, Fjord, R, Wang, T, Antunes, E & De Nucci, G 2025, '6-Cyanodopamine as an endogenous modulator of heart chronotropism and inotropism', Life Sciences, vol. 366-367, 123504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123504

Vilmar, TW 2025, '70 minutter indespærret på en knagende byggeplads', Seismograf/DMT. <https://seismograf.org/da/kortkritik/70-minutter-indespaerret-paa-en-knagende-byggeplads>

Jerez-Bogota, K , Jensen, M , Hojberg, O & Canibe, N 2025, '74. Effects of combining garlic with apple pomace or blackcurrant on the gastrointestinal microbiome of organic pigs after weaning', 16th International Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs (DPP2025), Lake Geneva, United States, 20/05/2025 - 23/05/2025 pp. 342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2025.07.075

Xu, J , Schönherz, AA , Jerez-Bogota, K , Noel, SJ, Skovgaard, K, Heegaard, PMH, Lauridsen, C , Lærke, HN & Canibe, N 2025, '77. Effect of fermented cereal liquid feed supplemented with Pediococcus acidilactici on gut microbiota, mucosal immunity, and growth in suckling and post-weaning piglets', Animal - Science proceedings, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2025.07.078

Mosalmani, A , Rezaeiyan, Y , Richter, S , Zamani, M , Koolivand, Y & Moradi, F 2025, 'A 0.97 nJ/Conversion BJT-Based Temperature Sensor With a Low-Power Two-Stage Dynamic Comparator', IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 2815-2823. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVLSI.2025.3587799

Liu, X, Wang, T, Zheng, Z, Dong, C, Liu, W, Niu, Z, Yang, Y, Wu, X, Qiu, Q, Yang, Y, Li, K, Lenstra, JA, Yan, P, Kang, M, Li, B, Fang, L & Liu, J 2025, 'A 14-bp motif in the KIT active promoter region is critical for melanin accumulation in yaks, mice, and humans', BMC Biology, vol. 23, no. 1, 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-025-02311-x

Cohen-Addad, V, Grandoni, F, Lee, E, Schwiegelshohn, C & Svensson, O 2025, A (2+ϵ)-Approximation Algorithm for Metric κ-Median. in M Koucký & N Bansal (eds), STOC '25: Proceedings of the 57th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, Proceedings of the Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 615-624, 57th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2025, Prague, Czech Republic, 23/06/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3717823.3718299

D'Arcy, MK, Schildgen, TF, Bonnet, S, Duesing, W, Tofelde, S, Roda-Boluda, DC, Wittmann, H, Mey, J, Murray, AS, Alonso, RN & Strecker, MR 2025, 'A 300 kyr record of past hydroclimate change from alluvial fans in the southern Central Andes', Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol. 50, no. 1, e70006. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70006

Luong, TV , Hansen, KV , Hansen, AK, Cunnane, SC, Møller, N , Søndergaard, E , Gormsen, LC & Svart, M 2025, 'A 3-Week Ketogenic Diet Increases Global Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor', The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 110, no. 12, pp. e4176-e4181. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf207

Sherson, J , Rafner, JF , Tudoran, AA , Holm, AB & Marler, J 2025, 'A 4P hybrid intelligent development and organisational change framework', International Conference Series on Hybrid Human-Artificial Intelligence, Pisa, Italy, 09/06/2025 - 13/06/2025.

Sherson, J , Rafner, J , Tudoran, AA , Holm, A & Marler, J 2025, A 4P Hybrid Intelligent Development and Organisational Change Framework. in D Pedreschi, M Milano, I Tiddi, S Russell, C Boldrini, L Pappalardo, A Passerini & S Wang (eds), HHAI 2025 - Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Hybrid Human-Artificial Intelligence. IOS Press, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, vol. 408, pp. 540-542, 4th International Conference on Hybrid Human-Artificial Intelligence, HHAI 2025, Pisa, Italy, 09/06/2025. https://doi.org/10.3233/FAIA250687

Walker, SJ, Boilard, A, Henriksen, M, Lord, E, Robu, M, Buylaert, JP, Beijersbergen, LMT, Halvorsen, LS, Cintrón-Santiago, AM, Onshuus, EK, Cockerill, CA, Ujvari, G, Palcsu, L, Temovski, M, Maccali, J, Linge, H, Olsen, J, Aksnes, S, Bertheussen, A, Lygre, O, Alsos, IG, Dalén, L, Star, B, Hufthammer, AK, van Kolfschoten, T, Lauritzen, SE, Lødøen, TK & Boessenkool, S 2025, 'A 75,000-y-old Scandinavian Arctic cave deposit reveals past faunal diversity and paleoenvironment', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 122, no. 32, e2415008122, pp. e2415008122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2415008122

Nguyen, NDT, Phan, H, Geirnaert, S, Mikkelsen, K & Kidmose, P 2025, 'AADNet: An End-to-End Deep Learning Model for Auditory Attention Decoding', IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, vol. 33, pp. 2695-2706. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3587637

Beaulieu, L, Bert, C, Borot de Battisti, M, Cormack, RA, Cunha, JAM, Damato, AL, Deufel, CL, Hautvast, GLTF, Hsu, IC, Kolkman-Deurloo, IKK, Moerland, MA, Niatsetski, Y, Weersink, RA & Tanderup, K 2025, 'AAPM task group 317 report: A joint AAPM and ESTRO report on brachytherapy catheter, needle, and applicator tracking technology', Medical Physics, vol. 52, no. 10, e70037. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.70037

Engberg, J & Cederfeldt, JBM 2025, 'Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, In Search of Ancient Travel Writers', Patristica Nordica Annuaria, no. 39, pp. 18.

Szatkowski, J 2025, Aarhus teaters ensemble 2000-2025. in TH Thomsen (m.fl.) (ed.), Aarhus Teater 125 år. Århus Teater, Aarhus, pp. 60-61.

Petersen, LBS & Birkler, MK 2025, Aarhusteologerne på Kirkenes Folkemøde. Aarhus Universitet, Institut for Kultur og Samfund, Aarhus. <https://cas.au.dk/om-instituttet/afdelinger/teologi/nyt-fra-aarhusteologerne/artikler/31-1-1-1/aarhusteologerne-paa-kirkenes-folkemoede-1>

Modin, D, Johansen, ND, Granholm, A, Claggett, BL, Nealon, J, Samson, S, Loiacono, MM, Harris, RC, Larsen, CS, Jensen, AMR, Landler, NE, Solomon, SD, Landray, MJ, Gislason, GH, Køber, L, Sivapalan, P, Jensen, JUS & Biering-Sørensen, T 2025, 'A Bayesian re-analysis of the DANFLU-1 trial', Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, vol. 21, no. 1, 2550050. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2025.2550050

Petrarulo, S, Ravaglia, C, Disanto, MG, Piciucchi, S & Poletti, V 2025, 'ABCA3-related interstitial lung disease in a young woman', Thorax, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 186-187. https://doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2024-222120

Van Oppen, JD, De Groot, B, Nickel, CH & Beil, M 2025, 'ABCDE-Frailty for critical presentations: Summary of the 2025 ESICM expert consensus recommendations', European Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 158-159. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEJ.0000000000001227

Shim, S, Nielsen, MB, Eld, M, Stenvang, J, Brøndum, RF, Weber, B, Motavaf, AK & Ladekarl, M 2025, 'ABCG2 protein expression in tumors of patients with non-resectable pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel', Frontiers in Oncology, vol. 15, 1558184. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2025.1558184

Jørgensen, SB 2025, 'Abdellah Taïa - Transit og queering', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, vol. 39, no. 4, pp. 56-62. <https://standart.nu/4-2025>

Argo, S, Venema, M, Riepel, D, Güneysu, T & Aranha, DF 2025, 'ABE Cubed: Advanced Benchmarking Extensions for ABE Squared', IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, vol. 2025, no. 4, pp. 544-587. https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2025.i4.544-587

Nielsen, KH 2025, 'Abernes kulturkrig', Weekendavisen, vol. Sektion 4 (Ideer), pp. 5.

Jeganathan, J, Campbell, MEJ, Legrand, N , Allen, M & Breakspear, M 2025, 'Aberrant Cardiac Interoception in Psychosis', Schizophrenia Bulletin, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbae078

Chen, X, Yuan, F, Ata-Ul-Karim, ST, Liu, X, Tian, Y, Zhu, Y, Cao, W & Cao, Q 2025, 'A bibliometric analysis of research on remote sensing-based monitoring of soil organic matter conducted between 2003 and 2023', Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2024.12.004

Wernberg, CW, Indira Chandran, V, Lauridsen, MM, Skytthe, MK, Hansen, CD, Hansen, JK, Grønkjær, LL, Jacobsen, BG, Di Caterino, T, Detlefsen, S, Thiele, M, Guiliani, AM, Villesen, IF, Leeming, DJ, Karsdal, M, Graversen, JH & Krag, A 2025, 'Ability of soluble TREM2 and PRO-C3 as biomarkers to predict changes in MASLD activity', JHEP Reports, vol. 7, no. 8, 101432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2025.101432

Dare, E , Kiderlen, M & Thäle, C 2025, 'A Blaschke–Petkantschin formula for linear and affine subspaces with application to intersection probabilities', Nonlinear Analysis, Theory, Methods and Applications, vol. 250, 113672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.na.2024.113672

Fristrup, T 2025, Ablenationalism and the Ablenationalist Politics of Disability in Neoliberal Societies: Cripping Empowermentality Embedded in Therapeutic Citizenship. in T Fristrup & L Sonne (eds), Internationalisation at Home : Critical Frameworks for Inclusive Global Learning., 7, Novus forlag, Oslo, pp. 169-192. <https://omp.novus.no/index.php/novus/catalog/book/41>

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Thinggaard, F & Bartholdy, J 2025, 'Åbne inspektionsrapporter: Er oplysninger om utilstrækkelige tabshensættelser en trussel mod den finansielle stabilitet', Finans/Invest, vol. 2025, no. 2, pp. 6-12.

Mølmer, M , Thillemann, JK , Petersen, ET & Stilling, M 2025, 'Abnormal kinematics of the distal radioulnar joint due to flat bone dysplasia in nail–patella syndrome: a 3D evaluation with dynamic radiostereometry', BMJ Case Reports, vol. 18, no. 9, e266971. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2025-266971

Flæng, S , Granfeldt, A , Adelborg, K & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'ABO Blood Type and Short-Term Mortality in Patients With Infection-Associated Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation', European Journal of Haematology, vol. 114, no. 2, pp. 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.14329

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Baysinger, MR, Laurent, M, Verdonen, M, Reif, J, Kumpula, T, Liebner, S & Treat, CC 2025, 'Abrupt Thaw in a Finnish Palsa: Potential CH₄ Production Driven by Vegetation Adaptation in the Transition From Permafrost to Post-Thaw Soils', Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, vol. 130, no. 9, e2025JG008847. https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JG008847

Stisen, ZR, Nielsen, MR, Ditlev, SB, Jessen, LE & Skougaard, M 2025, 'ABS0210 Neuroinflammation-associated genes upregulated in PsA patients suffering from severe fatigue - a translational study incorporating single-cell transcriptomics', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, vol. 84, no. suppl 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2025.06.1360

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Revised 08.12.2025

Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen