Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Sørensen, ES, Burling, H, Bøttcher, K, Bertelsen, H, Albertsen, K, Graverholt, G, Jørgensen, AS & Schack, L, Infant formula, Patent No. PA 200301353.

Bjerrum, L, Engberg, RM & Pedersen, K 2003, 'Infection models for Salmonella typhimurium DT110 in day-old and 14-day-old broiler chickens kept in isolators', Avian Diseases, vol. 47, pp. 1474-1480. <https://www.jstor.org/stable/1593193>

Hansen, H , Brødsgaard, C & Ritter, W 2003, 'Infection of bee colonies by Paenibacillus larvae larvae contaminated wax', American Bee Journal, vol. 143, pp. 320-320.

Hansen, H , Brødsgaard, C & Ritter, W 2003, Infection of honey bee colonies by Paenibacillus larvae larvae contaminated wax. in CJ Brødsgaard (ed.), Proceedings of the Nordic-Baltic Apicultural Research Symposium, Bjerringbro, Denmark. Danmarks JordbrugsForskning, pp. 13-14, Nordic-Baltic Apicultural Research Symposium, Bjerringbro, Denmark, 1 February 2003, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Wiuf, C 2003, 'Inferring population history from geneaological trees', Journal of Mathematical Biology, vol. 46, pp. 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-002-0180-8

Jensen, J 2003, 'Influence of ageing on the toxicity of pyrene to springtails', ConSoil 2003, 8th International FZK/TNO Conference on Contaminated Soil, Gent, Belgium, 12/05/2003 - 16/05/2003.

Rattas, M & Piotrowski, JA 2003, 'Influence of bedrock permeability and till grain size on the formation of the Saadjärve drumlin field, Estonia, under an east-Baltic Weichselian ice stream', Boreas, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 167-177.

Nielsen, HM , Friggens, N , Løvendahl, P , Jensen, J & Ingvartsen, KL 2003, 'Influence of breed, parity, and stage of lactation on lactational performance and relationship between body fatness and live weight', Livestock Production Science, vol. 79, no. 2-3, pp. 119-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00146-X

Stavropoulos, A , Kostopoulos, L , Mardas, N & Karring, T 2003, 'Influence of demineralized bone matrix's embryonic origin on bone formation: An experimental study in rats', Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 184-192.

Wiking, L, Björck, L & Nielsen, JH 2003, 'Influence of feed composition on stability of fat globules during pumping of raw milk', International Dairy Journal, vol. 13, pp. 797-803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-6946(03)00110-9

Jørgensen, B 2003, 'Influence of floor type and stocking density on leg weakness, osteochondrosis and claw disorders in slaughter pigs', Animal Science, vol. 77, pp. 439-449.

Petersen, HH, Nielsen, JP, Jensen, AL, Heegaard, PMH & Lauritzen, B 2003, 'Influence of hemolysis on concentration of haptoglobin and C- reactive protein'.

Klodos, I, Jorgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, Influence of intramembrane electric charge on H,K-ATPase. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 306-307.

Christoffersen, K, Hansen, BW, Johansson, LS & Krog, E 2003, 'Influence of LAS on marine calanoid copepod population dynamics and potential reproduction', Aquatic Toxicology, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 405-416.

Förster, W, Stupp, T, Fiedler, J, Wottke, M & Hjortdal, J 2003, 'Influence of medical and natural mydriasis on higher order aberrations of the eye (multiple letters) [3]', Journal of Refractive Surgery, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 380-382.

Hintze, H , Frydenberg, M & Wenzel, A 2003, 'Influence of number of surfaces and observers on statistical power in a multiobserver ROC radiographic caries detection study', Caries Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 200-205. https://doi.org/10.1159/000070445

Lyly, M, Salmenkallio-Marttila, M, Suortti, T, Autio, K, Poutanen, K & Lähteenmäki, L 2003, 'Influence of oat ß-glucan preparations on the perception of mouthfeel and on rheological properties in beverage prototypes', Cereal Chemistry, vol. 80, pp. 536-541.

Larsen, J, Knudsen, I, Jensen, B , Ravnskov, S, Jensen, DF & Bødker, L 2003, Influence of organic matter on the interaction between the fungal biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea and a tomate/Glomus intraradices symbiosis. in Fourth International Conference on Mycorrhizae, ICOM4, 10.-15. August 2003, Montreal, Canada. pp. 251-251, Influence of organic matter on the interaction between the fungal biocontrol agent Clonostachys rosea and a tomate/Glomus intraradices symbiosis, 18/12/2010.

Juhl, CB, Hollingdal, M, Pørksen, N, Prange, A, Lønnqvist, F & Schmitz, O 2003, 'Influence of rosiglitazone treatment on beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: Evidence of an increased ability of glucose to entrain high-frequency insulin pulsatility', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 88, pp. 3794-3800.

Teilmann, J 2003, 'Influence of sea state on density estimates of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena)', Journal of Cetacean Research and Management, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 85-92.

Elmeros, M & Bussenius, N 2003, 'Influence of selection of bank side on the standard method for otter surveys', IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, vol. 19, pp. 67-74.

Hertel, O , Ellermann, T, Ambelas Skjøth, C & Frydendall, J 2003, 'Influence of the local sources on the atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Denmark', Asian Chemistry Letters, vol. 7, no. 2&3, pp. 123-134.

Jensen, J 2003, 'Influence og ageing on the toxicity of pyrene to springtails', SETAC EUROPE, 13th Annual Meeting, Hamburg, Germany, 27/04/2003 - 01/05/2003.

Madsen, ES & Smith, V 2003, 'Influences of Market Structure and Firm Strategies on Patenting Activities in Danish Firms', Paper presented at Southern Economic Association Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 20/11/2003 - 23/11/2003.

Atienza, SG, Satovic, Z, Petersen, KK, Dolstra, O & Martín, A 2003, 'Influencing combustion quality in Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. identification of QTLs for calcium, phosphorus and sulphur content', Plant Breeding, vol. 122, no. 2, pp. 141-145. <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00826.x>

Jespersen, KR 2003, Info@performance: NPD - Collecting data through experimentation, role-playing and scenario on the Internet. in Symposium i Anvendt Statistik 2003. pp. 13-24, Symposium i Anvendt Statistik, København, 27/01/2003.

Jespersen, KR 2003, 'Info@performance. NPD - Collecting data through experimentation, role-playing and scenario on the Internet', Paper presented at Symposium i Anvendt Statistik, København, 27/01/2003 - 29/01/2003.

Larsen, JM 2003, 'Informal learning spaces where adolescents experience and create with ICTs as tools and exchange artwork via a network intranet', Roskilde Universitetscenter. Datalogisk Afdeling. Datalogiske Skrifter.

Kristensen, MK & Lykke, AM 2003, 'Informant-based valuation of use and conservation preferences of savanna trees in Burkina Faso', Economic Botany, vol. 57, pp. 203-217. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/4256679>

Büscher, M, Krogh, PG & Kramp, G 2003, 'In formation: Support for flexibility, mobility, collaboration, and coherence', Paper presented at First International Conference on Appliance Design, Bristol, United Kingdom, 30/06/2010. <https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00779-003-0231-1>

Büscher, M, Kramp, G & Krogh, PG 2003, 'In formation: Support for flexibility, mobility, collaboration, and coherence', Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, vol. 7, no. 3-4, pp. 136-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-003-0231-1

Esbjerg, L & Bruun, P 2003 'Information about the major national public and private players in the field of food safety and quality in Denmark' Aarhus School of Business, MAPP Centre.

Fountas, S, Pedersen, HH, Blackmore, S & Sørensen, CAG 2003, Information sources for decision making om precision farming. in Proc. NJF Seminar 336 on Implementation of Precision Farming in Practical Agriculture.: DIAS report - Plant Production 100. Aarhus University, pp. 179-185, NJF Seminar on Implementation of Precision Farming in Practical Agriculture, Skara, Sweden, 18/12/2010. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280315963_Information_sources_for_decision_making_om_precision_farming>

Fountas, S, Ess, DR, Sørensen, CAG, Hawkins, SE, Pedersen, HH, Blackmore, S & Lowenberg-Deboer, J 2003, Information sources in precision agriculture in Denmark and the USA. in Proc. 4th ECPA and 1st ECPLF. Wageningen Academic Publishers, pp. 211-216, Information sources in precision agriculture in Denmark and the USA, Berlin, Germany, 18/12/2010. <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280315953_Information_sources_in_precision_agriculture_in_Denmark_and_the_USA>

Grosen, A 2003, 'Informationsrevolutionen og små erhvervsvirksomheders låntagning', Finans/Invest, no. 1, pp. 2-4.

Fuglsang, EG 2003, Informationsteknologi og pædagogik: - en indkredsning af et felt. in Pædagogik - en grundbog til et fag. 3. reviderede udgave edn, Hans Reitzels Forlag, København.

Carugati, A 2003, Information Systems Development: Can traditional Project Management Practices be Successful in Distributed Organizations? in RM Verburg & JA Ridder (eds), Knowledge Sharing Under Distributed Circumstances. Printpartners Ipskamp BV, Enchede.

Møller, SH 2003, Information value and applicability of health and welfare indicators observed at pelting of mink. in Proc. 10th International Symposium of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (on CD-rom), Vina del Mar, Chile, Abstract 409. pp. 3-3, Information value and applicability of health and welfare indicators observed at pelting of mink, 18/12/2010.

Marques Pereira, RN, Dobaczewski, L & Nielsen, BB 2003, 'Infrared absorption studies in proton- and deuterium-implanted Si_1-xGe_x', Physica B, vol. 340-342, pp. 803.

Paulrud, CO & Rasmussen, MD 2003, Infra-red thermography as tool to evaluate the influence of liner characteristics and over-milking. in Proc. IDF World Dairy Summit & Centenary "100 years with liners and pulsators in machine milking". pp. 475-479, IDF World Dairy Summit & Centenary "100 years with liners and pulsators in machine milking", Bruges, Belgium, 18/12/2010.

Røntved, CM , Norup, LR, Mashek, M, Nielsen, L & Ingvartsen, KL 2003, Infusion of insulin in dairy cows inhibits neutrophils phagocytosis of Staphyloccocus aureus ex vivo. in Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Prod. Diseases in Farm Animals. pp. 290-290, International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, 18/12/2010.

Løkkegaard, E & Secher, NJ 2003, 'Ingen beskyttende effekt af postmenopausal hormonbehandling på demens', Ugeskrift for Læger, pp. 4125-4126.

Garne, JP & Hessov, I 2003, 'Ingen evidens for at mammografiscreening fører til overbehandling.', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 31, pp. 3025-6; author reply 3026-7.

Dinesen, AM 2003, 'Ingen kære mor: anmeldelse af Vita Andersen: Get a Life', Litteraturmagasinet Standart, pp. web-publication.

Møller, C 2003, 'Ingen SCM uden e-business', Logistik Horisont, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 22-26.

Nagbøl, S 2003, Ingos kollager. in Socialpædagogisk metodeudvikling: Forskningsevaluering på Projekt- og Døgninstitutionen Hjulmagerstien. 1.udgave edn, Danmarks Pædagogiske Universitets Forlag, København.

Stengaard-Pedersen, K , Thiel, S, Gadjeva, M, Møller-Kristensen, M, Sørensen, R , Jensen, LT, Sjøholm, AG, Fugger, L & Jensenius, JC 2003, 'Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2', The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 349, no. 6, pp. 554-60. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa022836

De Vriese, AS, Flyvbjerg, A, Denner, L, Tilton, RG, Mortier, S & Lameire, NH 2003, 'Inhibition of AGE-RAGE interaction prevents hyperglycemia-induced fibrosis of the peritoneal membrane', Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 14, pp. 1427-1430.

Thiesson, HC, Skøtt, O, Jespersen, B & Schaffalitzky de Muckadell, OB 2003, 'Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NMMA does not improve renal function in decompensated liver cirrhosis', Am J Gastroenterology.

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