Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Wray, KB 2026, 'Letter to the Editor: A Defense of the Use of Bibliometric Analyses in Mathematics', Notices of the American Mathematical Society.

Schack, A, Grønhøj, MH, Poulsen, FR, Jensen, MH, Miscov, R, Bjarkam, CR, Korshoej, AR, Fugleholm, K & Rønn Jensen, TS 2026, 'Letter to the Editor Re: Moghib K, Ahmed MT, Ghanm TIE, et al. Optimal duration of postoperative drainage following burr-hole surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Langenbeck’s archives of Surgery. 2025;410:278. doi:10.1007/s00423-025-03853-y', Langenbecks Archives of Surgery, vol. 411, no. 1, 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-025-03922-2

Bergenholtz, C , Vuculescu, O , Günzel-Jensen, F & Frederiksen, L 2026, 'LEVELING UP OR LEVELING DOWN? THE IMPACT OF GENERATIVE AI ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN BUSINESS SCHOOLS', Academy of Management Learning and Education.

Eriksen, RS , Kipke, M , Hansen, LBP , Bizzoni, Y , Nielbo, KL & Baunvig, KL 2026, 'Levels of Canonicity: A Computational Analysis of Canon Formation in 19th Century Danish Painting', Digital Humanities in the Nordic and Baltic Countries Publications, vol. 8, no. 1. https://doi.org/10.5617/dhnbpub.13200

Peronard, J-PDC 2026, Leveraging Creativity in Conceptual Paper writing for Business Scholars. in Handbook of Research Methods Structure. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, Petersen, LV & Mortensen, PB 2026, 'Leveraging transdiagnostic genetic liability to psychiatric disorders to dissect clinical outcomes of anorexia nervosa', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 1475-1484. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03264-x

Madsen, LHG 2026, 'Lex rei sitae og importlandets ret – og en kritisk analyse af en ny teoridannelse', Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, pp. 18-26.

Kramer, CK 2026, 'Licence to Produce: Industrious Sustainability and the Moral Economy of Conventional Farming in Denmark', PhD, Aarhus University.

Smidt-Jensen, A, Røgild, TB, Cohen, T, Meshoulam, S, Iuclea, L, Sigurjónsson, HÆ, Tzachor, A, Geirsdóttir, M & Moomaw, WR 2026, 'Life Cycle Assessment of Phycocyanin Food Colorant Production from Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) with Biostimulant Waste-Stream Utilization for Soil Carbon Sequestration to Achieve Net Carbon Removal', Foods, vol. 15, no. 4, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040610

Babin, M, Deming, JW, Maréchal, E, Rapp, JZ, Rysgaard, S & Vancoppenolle, M 2026, 'Life in the Frozen Ocean', Annual Review of Marine Science, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 275-299. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025316

Rattan, S 2026, 'Lifespan stops at death, but when does healthspan stop?', Biogerontology, vol. 27, pp. 78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-026-10424-1

Afrough, A & Vosegaard, T 2026, 'Lifetime distribution of multiexponential recovery processes', Physical Review Applied, vol. 25, no. 3, 034020. https://doi.org/10.1103/v4pb-vvd2

Damkjaer, MS 2026, Life Transitions as Analytical Entry Points: Advancing Mediatization Research through the Life Transition Perspective. in K Kopecka-Piech (ed.), A Research Agenda for Mediatisation. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Pendlmayr, S , Ryberg, C , Ramos-Docampo, MA , Wilkens Juhl, D , Nielsen, NC, Burdick, JA & Städler, B 2026, 'Light-responsive 3D printed fish-shaped actuator based on granular hydrogel inks', Materials Today Chemistry, vol. 52, 103364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2026.103364

Mouritzen, SLT , Pedersen, S & Jacobsen, L 2026, '“Like a Human – Just Digital”: Adolescents’ and parents’ perceptions of virtual influencer marketing', European Journal of Marketing, pp. 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-05-2024-0351

Jørgensen, HJ 2026, Lille bidrag til beskrivelsen af den syntaktiske venstrefløj omkring år 1500. in MH Andersen, TK Christensen, JN Mortensen, PJ Nielsen, M Rathje, J Schack & TH Andersen (eds), Grundigt nysgerrig. Dansk Sprognævn, Bogense, Dansk Sprognævns skrifter, vol. 56, pp. 35-56.

Tong, CHM , Pullens, JWM , Petersen, RJ , Frederiksen, RR & Lærke, PE 2026, 'Limited climate benefits of rewetting a shallow-drained peatland when interannual variabilities in CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes are considered', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 404, 129222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.129222

Bjerre, JH 2026, 'Limited diagnostic utility of systematic Congo red staining in bone marrow biopsies', Amyloid: the Journal of Protein Folding Disorders, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 98-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/13506129.2025.2593512

Hirsch, C & Owada, T 2026, 'Limit theorems under heavy-tailed scenario in the age-dependent random connection models', Stochastic Processes and Their Applications, vol. 192, 104815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2025.104815

Aranha, DF , Blatchley Hansen, A & Kingo Mogensen, T 2026, LINE-Break: Cryptanalysis and Reverse Engineering of Letter Sealing. in AsiaCCS 2026.

Petersen, LK & Ballantyne, AG 2026 'Linking climate concern to vacation pleasures'.

Pęczek, M, Butkiewicz, H, Malinska, M, Trzybiński, D, Sławiński, WA, Madsen, A, Gjo̷rup, FH, Bizoń, T & Hoser, AA 2026, 'Linking Crystal Structure to Solubility and Hygroscopicity in Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Forms', Crystal Growth and Design, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.5c00785

Hejl, JL, Hulgaard, DR, Rasmussen, ASD, Larsen, LEN & Rask, CU 2026, 'Linking heart and mind - lived experiences of parents to children with congenital heart disease and mental health issues', Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591045241267129

Huang, G, Cao, YF, Dong, MH , Bahram, M & Su, YG 2026, 'Linking microbial life history strategy to carbon use efficiency under changing substrate and nutrient conditions', Catena, vol. 263, 109777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.109777

Erturk, Z, Nielsen, K, Cotter, PD, Bertram, HC, Roager, HM & Karabanov, AN 2026, 'Links Between Bowel Movements and Gut-Brain Coupling: Preliminary Insights from the YourGutBrain Project', FENS forum 2026, Barcelona , Spain, 06/07/2026 - 10/07/2026.

Hass, D, Madsen, AN, da Silva-Buttkus, P, Kjølbye, AL, Støy, S, Nøhr-Meldgaard, J, Sandahl, TD, Hrabě de Angelis, M, Jorgensen, R, Rohm, M & van de Bunt, M 2026, 'Lipidated interleukin-22 reduces body weight and spares lean mass in mice by a novel gut-acting mechanism additive to GLP-1 agonism', Molecular Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.02.041

Månsson, CT , Nielsen, AL & Sorensen, B 2026, 'Liquid biopsy epigenetics: establishing a molecular profile based on cell‐free DNA', Molecular Oncology, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 588-610. https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.70145

Edison, P, Femminella, GD, Ritchie, C, Nowell, J, Holmes, C, Walker, Z, Ridha, B, Raza, S, Livingston, NR, Frangou, E, Love, S, Williams, G, Lawrence, R, Mcfarlane, B, Archer, H, Coulthard, E, Underwood, BR, Koranteng, P, Karim, S, Bannister, C, Perneczky, R, Prasanna, A, Junaid, K, McGuinness, B, Nilforooshan, R, Macharouthu, A, Donaldson, A, Thacker, S, Russell, G, Malik, N, Mate, V, Knight, L, Kshemendran, S, Holscher, C, Mansouri, A, Chester-Jones, M, Holmes, J, Tan, T, Williams, S, Ashraf, A, Brooks, DJ, Harrison, J, Hinz, R, Tadros, G, Passmore, AP & Ballard, C 2026, 'Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a phase 2b clinical trial', Nature Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04106-7

Weixelbraun, PF, Göbl, B, Iversen, OS & Kayali, F 2026, "Listen to the Teachers": Research-Based Personas for Translating Classroom Realities into Actionable HCI Design. in CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery.

Juhl, AD, Sprenger, RR, Modzel, M, Halder, S, Szomek, M, Akkerman, V, Xu, Y, Heegaard, CW, Ejsing, CS, Covey, DF & Wüstner, D 2026, 'Live-Cell Imaging and Lipidomics of Low-Density Lipoprotein Containing Intrinsically Fluorescent Cholesteryl Esters', Analytical Chemistry, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 7069-7083. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5c05064

Zurawska, G, Sas, Z, Jończy, A, Mahadeva, R, Slusarczyk, P, Chwałek, M, Seehofer, D, Damm, G, Mazgaj, R, Skórzyński, M, Kulecka, M, Rumieńczyk, I, Moulin, M, Jastrzębski, K, Waldron, K, Mikula, M, Etzerodt, A, Serwa, R, Miączyńska, M, Rygiel, TP & Mleczko-Sanecka, K 2026, 'Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells constitute a major route for hemoglobin clearance', EMBO Reports, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 598-628. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-025-00673-5

Bager, P, Grønkjær, LL, Gade Jacobsen, B, O’Connell, MB & Hamberg, ML 2026, Livet med levercirrose: Dit forløb Dine valg Dine pårørende. 1 edn, Valby.

Allergodt, K, Werlauff, U, Dreyer, P, Ørstavik, K & Handberg, C 2026, 'Living and coping with adult-onset myotonic dystrophy type 1 from the perspectives of caregivers', Disability and Rehabilitation, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 788-800. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2025.2547688

Nissen, U & Gregersen, NH 2026, Living in responsive relations with nature. On KE Løgstrup, climate, and agriculture. in M Grau, LM Sjöberg & M Nausea (eds), Nordic Handbook on Climate, Religion and Theology.

Ihlen, Ø, Rommetvedt, H, Helgesson, E, Raknes, K & Christiansen, PM 2026, 'Lobbying and the Nordic Model: Strategic Communication in the Political Realm', International Journal of Strategic Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/1553118X.2025.2607045

Franke, BH, Schipper, AM, Avgar, T, Börger, L, Chatterjee, N, Müller, T, Smith, BJ, Abrahms, B, Ali, AH, Attias, N, Bartlam-Brooks, HLA, van Beest, FM, Belant, JL, Beyer Jr., DE, Blaum, N, Brown, MB, Buuveibaatar, B, Cagnacci, F, Chamaillé-Jammes, S, Dejid, N, Dekker, J, Desbiez, ALJ, Fennessy, J, Fischer, C, Fischhoff, I, Ford, AT, Gehr, B, Goheen, JR, Gonçalves Morato, R, Hebblewhite, M, Hering, R, Heurich, M, Hewison, AJM, Isbell, LA, Kauffman, M, Jakes, A, Janssen, R, Jones, PF, Jonge Poerink, B, Lamb, C, Linnell, JDC, Markham, AC, Marneweck, CJ, Mattisson, J, McEvoy, J, Meisingset, E, Merrill, E, de Miranda Mourão, G, Van Moorter, B, Morellet, N, Mysterud, A, Odden, J, Olson, KA, Paviolo, A, Petroelje, T, Proffitt, KM, Rafiq, K, Ranc, N, Rolandsen, CM, Rubenstein, DI, Saïd, S, Sawyer, H, Schmidt, NM, Selva, N, Sergiel, A, Solberg, EJ, Songer, M, Stiegler, J, Strand, O, Sundaresan, S, Thompson, JJ, Ullmann, W, Usukhjargal, D, Voigt, U, Zięba, F, Zwijacz-Kozica, T, Huijbregts, MAJ & Tucker, MA 2026, 'Local and Landscape-Level Environmental Conditions Drive Habitat Selection Across Terrestrial Mammal Species', Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol. 35, no. 3, e70212. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.70212

Sønderskov, KM, Heide-Jørgensen , T, Østergaard, SD & Dinesen, PT 2026, 'Local economic inequality and depression: Evidence from longitudinal data on local residential contexts and antidepressant use', Psychological Science, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 206-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976261425130

Sah, D, Parfeniukas, K, Boccardi, R, Bandaru, N, Lachowicz, A, Salomon, BP, Borie, B, Baraket, M, Plakhotnyuk, M, Dos Reis Benatto, GA, Thorsteinsson, S, Poulsen, PB & Davidsen, RS 2026, 'Local edge passivation of laser-scribed cells for compensating cut losses', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 299, 114178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2026.114178

Jegorov, S, Żabiński, G, Andreasen, R , Birch, T, Somelar, P, Oks, K, Peets, J & Saage, R 2026, 'Local or interregional exchange systems? A study of Estonian iron provenancing', Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 186, 106454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2025.106454

Waade, AMR 2026, Location, location, location! From Local Colour to Location Placement and Sustainability : The Importance of Location in Television Drama Productions. in A Spicer, A Genders & R Barton (eds), The Politics of Place: Space and Locality in the European Screen Industries. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-06780-7_2

Neis, K , Civit Pitarch, L , Pedersen, K, Schachtner, M, Wengel, J, Wagner, R, Thiel, S , Kjems, J & Valero Moreno, J 2026, 'Lock, Protect, and Bind: In Vitro Selection of Locked Nucleic Acid-Modified Aptamers Using a Mutant T7 RNA Polymerase', Small Structures, vol. 7, no. 3, e202500677. https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202500677

Høgh-Olesen, H 2026, 'Løgnens verden', Weekendavisen, no. 14, pp. 10.

Madsen, C 2026, 'Logos og philia: Anerkendelse i Aristoteles’ retorik og etik', Rhetorica Scandinavica.

Jensen, AS , Sonne, T & Lieberoth, A 2026, Longitudinal evidence for directions between screen use and early child development: a systematic review (preregistration). PROSPERO.

Dong, G, Rhee, J, Kumar, SJ, Drumm, ME, Lauridsen, H, Esmaily-Moghadam, M & Butcher, JT 2026, 'Longitudinal live imaging-derived 4D hemodynamics and dynamic tissue mechanics across outflow tract morphogenesis', Annals of Biomedical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-026-04006-y

Noone, A, Dowling, K, O'Boyle, D, Carter, M, Golubeva, AV, Scaife, C, Bech, BH , Henriksen, TB, Gallagher, L, Mooney, C, Khashan, AS, Murray, DM & English, JA 2026, 'Longitudinal multi-omics analysis of umbilical cord blood and childhood serum in Autism', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-025-03157-z

Carvalho, JP , Nielsen, AB , Goodwin, DL , Wili, N & Nielsen, NC 2026, 'Longitudinal Pulsed Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Transfer via Periodic Optimal Control', Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 2517-2523. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5c03708

Gao, Y, Yang, L, Kuhn, K, Li, W, Zanton, G, Bowman, M, Zhao, P, Zhou, Y, Fang, L, Cole, JB, Rosen, BD, Ma, L, Li, C, Baldwin, RL, Van Tassell, CP, Zhang, Z, Smith, TPL & Liu, GE 2026, 'Long read and preliminary pangenome analyses reveal breed-specific structural variations and novel sequences in Holstein and Jersey cattle', Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 79, pp. 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2025.04.014

Ek, M, Kvarnung, M, Ten Berk de Boer, E, La Fleur, L, Ljöstad, L, Lyander, A, Faergeman, SL , Drue, SO, Thonberg, H, Nordgren, A, Soller, MJ, Wirta, V, Eisfeldt, J & Lindstrand, A 2026, 'Long-read genome sequencing enhances diagnostics of pediatric neurological disorders', Genome Medicine, vol. 18, no. 1, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-025-01596-5

Fogh, M , Østergaard, JN , Jørgensen, RM , Røssell, EL , Eg, M , Maindal, HT , Toft, G , Støvring, H & Bruun, JM 2026, 'Long-Term Effect of a Hospital-Based Intervention Program on BMI Trajectories in Danish Children and Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A 6-Year Follow-Up', Clinical Obesity, vol. 16, no. 1, e70052. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.70052

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