Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Simonsen, V, Pertoldi, C, Madsen, AB & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Genetic differentiation of foxes (Vulpes vulpes) analysed by means of craniometry and isozymes', Journal for Nature Conservation, vol. 11, pp. 109-116.

Muminovic, J, Melchinger, AE & Lübberstedt, T 2003, Genetic diversity in lambs lettuce (Valeriana locusta L) determined by AFLP markers. in TJL van Hintum, A Lebeda, DA Pink & JW Schut (eds), Proc. EUCARPIA leafy vegetables breeding and genetics meeting: Th.J.L. van Hintum, A. Lebeda, D.A. Pink and J.W. Schut. Centre for Genetic Resources, The Netherlands (CGN), Wageningen, The Netherlands, EUCARPIA leafy vegetables breeding and genetics meeting, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, 19/03/2003.

Justesen, AF , Yohalem, DS , Bay, A & Nicolaisen, M 2003, 'Genetic diversity in potato field populations of Thanatephorus cucumeris AG-3, revealed by ITS polymorphism and RAPD markers', Mycological Research, vol. 107, no. 11, pp. 1323-1331.

Barclay, L 2003, 'Genetic Engineering and Autonomous Agency', Journal of Applied Philosophy, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. -.

Bölling, D, Groen, AF, Sørensen, P , Madsen, P & Jensen, J 2003, 'Genetic Improvement of Livestock for Organic Farming Systems', Livestock Production Science, vol. 80, no. 1-2, pp. 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00323-8

Su, G , Kjær, JB & Sørensen, P 2003, Genetic improvement on feather pecking behaviour by selection is promising. in Proc. 3rd European Poultry Genetics Symposium. pp. 84, European Poultry Genetics Symposium, Wageningen, The Netherland, Wageningen, Netherlands, 17/09/2003.

Kadarmideen, HN, Thompson, R, Coffey, MP & Kossaibati, MA 2003, 'Genetic parameters and evaluations from single- and multiple-trait analysis of dairy cow fertility and milk production', Livestock Production Science, vol. 81, no. 2-3, pp. 183-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00274-9

Kadarmideen, HN & Wegmann, S 2003, 'Genetic parameters for body condition score and its relationship with type and production traits in Swiss Holsteins', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, no. 11, pp. 3685-3693. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73974-5

Damgaard, LH, Rydhmer, L, Løvendahl, P & Grandinson, K 2003, 'Genetic parameters for within-litter variation in piglet birth weight and change in within-litter variation during suckling', Journal of Animal Science, vol. 81, pp. 604-610. <http://jas.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/3/604?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=81&firstpage=604&resourcetype=HWCIT>

Hansen, M , Madsen, P , Jensen, J, Pedersen, J & Christensen, LG 2003, 'Genetic Parameters of Postnatal Mortality in Danish Holstein Calves', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, no. 5, pp. 1807-1817. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73766-7

Singh, R , Nielsen, AL , Johansen, MG & Jørgensen, AL 2003, 'Genetic polymorphism and sequence evolution of an alternatively spliced exon of the glial fibrillary acidic protein gene, GFAP', Genomics, no. 82, pp. 185-193.

Andersen, LW, Born, EW, Dietz, R, Haug, T, Øien, N & Bendixen, C 2003, 'Genetic population structure of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from Greenland, the North East Atlantic and the North Sea probably reflects different ecological regions', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 247, pp. 263-280. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps247263

Andersen, LW, Born, EW, Dietz, R, Haug, T, Øien, N & Bendixen, C 2003, 'Genetic population structure of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata from Greenland, the North East Atlantic and the North Sea probably reflects different ecological regions', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 247, pp. 263-280.

Andersen, LW, Born, EW, Dietz, R, Haug, T, Øien, N & Bendixen, C 2003, 'Genetic population structure of minke whales, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, from Greenland, the North East Atlantic and the North Sea probably reflects different ecological regions', Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 247, pp. 263-280.

Lassen, J , Hansen, M, Aamand, GP, Christensen, LG, Kargo Sørensen, M & Madsen, P 2003, 'Genetic Relationship Between Condition Score, Dairy Character, Mastitis, and Diseases Other than Mastitis in First-Paraty Danish Holstein Cows', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 86, pp. 3730-3735. <http://jds.fass.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/11/3730?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=86&firstpage=3730&resourcetype=HWCIT>

Als, TD 2003, 'Genetics and genomics of neurobehavioral disorders (contemporary clinical neuroscience)', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 465.

Randi, E, Davoli, F, Pierpaoli, M, Pertoldi, C, Madsen, AB & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Genetic structure in European otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe: Implications for conservation', Animal Conservation, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 93-100.

Randi, E, Davoli, F, Pierpaoli, M, Pertoldi, C, Madsen, AB & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Genetic structure in otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe: implications for conservation', Animal Conservation, vol. 6, pp. 1-10.

Simonsen, V 2003, 'Genetic susceptibility in ecosystems', Pharmacology & Toxicology, vol. 93, no. Supp. I, pp. 12.

Eriksson, G, Black-Samuelsson, S, Jensen, M, Myking, T, Rusanen, M, Skrøppa, T, Vakkari, P & Westergaard, L 2003, 'Genetic variability in two tree species - Acer platanoides L. and Betula pendula Roth, with contrasting life-history traits', Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 320-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/02827580310015422

Miller, CR, Ochoa, I, Nielsen, KL, Beck, D & Lynch, JP 2003, 'Genetic variation for adventitious rooting in response to low phosphorus availability: Potential utility for phosphorus acquisition from stratified soils', Functional Plant Biology, vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 973-985. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP03078

Holmstrup, M & Loeschcke, V 2003, 'Genetic variation in desiccation tolerance of Dendrobaena octaedra cocoons originating from different climatic regions', Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 35, pp. 119-124. <http://www.elsevier.com/locate/soilbio>

Jacobsen, P, Tarnow, L, Carstensen, B, Hovind, P, Poirier, O & Parving, H-H 2003, 'Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and progression of diabetic nephropathy', Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 14, pp. 2843-2850.

Damgaard, LH , Korsgaard, IR, Simonsen, J, Dalsgaard, O & Andersen, AH 2003, Genetic versus non-genetic Weibull log-normal sire frailty models: A simulation Study. in Proc. of The Interbull Technical Workshop. Interbull Bulletin, no. 30, pp. 35-42, The Interbull Technical Workshop, Beltville, MD, United States, 02/03/2003.

Hansen, M 2003, 'Genetik bag stigende kalvedødelighed', Ny KvægForskning, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 3.

Brander, PE 2003, 'Genetisk brede eller smalle frøkilder', Groent Miljoe, no. 6, pp. 4-6.

Thomasen, JR , Guldbrandtsen, B & Lund, MS 2003, Genmarkører i det praktiske avlsarbejde. in Bilag til Dansk Kvæg kongres. pp. 34-35, Dansk Kvæg kongres, Herning, Denmark, 25/02/2003.

Segurado, R, Detera-Wadleigh, SD, Levinson, DF, Ewald, H, Kruse, TA, Mors, O & al., E 2003, 'Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III: Bipolar disorder', American Journal of Human Genetics, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 49-62.

Laiho, P, Hienon, T, Karhu, A, Lipton, L, Aalto, Y, Thomas, HJ, Birkenkamp-Demtröder, K, Hodgson, S, Salovaara, R, Mecklin, JP, Jarvinen, H, Knuutila, S, Halford, S, Ørntoft, TF, Tomlinson, I, Launonen, V, Houlston, R & Aaltonen, LA 2003, 'Genome-wide allelotyping of 104 Finnish colorectal cancers reveals an excees of allelic imbalance in chromosome 20q in familial cases', Oncogene, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 2206-2214.

Ewald, H, Kruse, TA & Mors, O 2003, 'Genome wide scan using homozygosity mapping and linkage analyses of a single pedigree with affective disorder suggests oligogenic inheritance', American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 120B, no. 1, pp. 63-71.

Hansen, S, Holm, D, Moeller, V, Vitved, L, Bendixen, C, Skjoedt, K & Holmskov, U 2003, 'Genomic and molecular characterization of CL-43 and its proximal promoter', Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, Gene Structure and Expression, vol. 1625, no. 1, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4781(02)00531-6

Hansen, JJ, Bross, P, Westergaard, M, Nielsen, MN, Eiberg, H, Børglum, AD, Mogensen, J, Kristiansen, K, Bolund, L & Gregersen, N 2003, 'Genomic structure of the human mitochondrial chaperonin genes: Hsp60 and Hsp10 are localised head to head on chromosome 2 separated by a bidirectional promoter', Human Genet, no. 112, pp. 71-77.

Bach-Nielsen, C & Blomquist, J (ed.) 2003, Genopdagelsen af Grækenland og konstruktionen af Athen som hovedstad. in Bilden av Athen genom tiderna. Lunds Universitet, Lund, pp. 161-175.

Petersen, JK 2003, Genoplivning. in P Deleuran (ed.), Lærebog for Klnikassistenter I. Dansk Tandlægeforening, København, pp. 9-9.

Munkholm, LJ 2003, 'Genpakning af jord efter dybdeløsning', Økologisk Jordbrug, vol. 291, pp. 6-6.

Madsen, LB & Larsen, K 2003, 'Gensplejsede grise er gode som modeller for humane nervesygdomme', LandbrugsAvisen, pp. 32.

Normander, B 2003, 'Gensplejsning - et spørgsmål om etik og magt', MoMentum, vol. 3, pp. 20-23.

Bøggild, J 2003, 'Gentagelsens plot og plottets gentagelse: Krimien som metafiktion hos Poe, Brooks og Borges', Bane, no. 20, pp. 225-240.

Andersen, LT 2003, Gentagelsens poesi: Virkelighedsopfattelsen i Jørgen Gustava Brandts digtning. Gad, København.

Stavropoulos, A , Kostopoulos, L , Mardas, N , Nyengaard, JR & Karring, T 2003, 'Gentamicin used as an adjunct to GTR', Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 455-462.

Lie, E, Bernhoft, A, Riget, FF, Belikov, SE, Boltunov, AN, Derocher, AE, Garner, GW, Wiig, Ø & Skaare, JU 2003, 'Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic', Science of the Total Environment, vol. 306, pp. 159-170.

Milanesi, E, Negrini, R, Zanotti, M, Bozzi, R, Moretti, M, Torrecillas, PC, Bruzzone, A, Pilla, F, Lenstra, H, Nijman, I, Muro, EG, Rodellar, C, Portolano, B, Erhardt, G, Olsaker, I, Dolf, G, Goudarzi, KM, Laloë, D, Holm, L-E & Marsan, PA 2003, Geographic structure of European cattle breeds revealed by AFLP neutral markers. in Book of Abstracts. pp. 18, EAAP Annual Meeting, Rome, Italy, 31/08/2003.

Dergachev, V, Pilipenko, O, Abrahamsen, N, Trubikhin, V, Mörner, N-A, Charonova, Z, Didenko, A & Gooskova, E 2003, 'Geomagnetism and Climate IV: The last 1 Million Years', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly 2003, Nice, 17/12/2010.

Mörner, N-A, Nevanlinna, H, Dergachev, V, Shumilov, O, Raspopov, O, Abrahamsen, N, Pilipenko, O, Trubikhin, V & Gooskova, E 2003, 'Geomagnetism and Climate V: General Conclusions', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly 2003, Nice, 17/12/2010.

Andersen, JE & Ueno, K 2003 'Geometric Construction of Modular Functors from Conformal Field Theory' MaPhySto, University of Aarhus, Århus. <http://www.maphysto.dk/cgi-bin/w3-msql/publications2/index.html>

Gardner, RJ, Jensen, EBV & Volcic, A 2003, 'Geometric tomography and local stereology', Advances in Applied Mathematics, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 397-423.

Jørgensen, F, Lykke-Andersen, H, Sandersen, PBE, Auken, E & Nørmark, E 2003, 'Geophysical investigations of buried Quaternary valleys in Denmark: an integrated application of transient electromagnetic soundings, reflection seismic surveys and exploratory drillings', Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 215-228.

Huuse, M, Piotrowski, JA & Lykke-Andersen, H 2003, 'Geophysical investigations of buried Quaternary valleys in the formerly glaciated NW European lowland: significance for groundwater exploration: Editorial', Journal of Applied Geophysics, vol. 53, pp. 153-157.

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