Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Sánchez Hernández, S , Bjerg, TW , Helstrup Nielsen, I , Laustsen, A , Q Tang, H , Henning Pedersen, L, Klechevsky, E, Jakobsen, MR & Bak, RO 2025, 'Corrigendum: Characterization of TLR9 responsiveness in cell subsets derived from in vitro pDC differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.', Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 16, 1625107. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1625107

Jensen, SK , Heide-Jørgensen, U , Gammelager, H , Birn, H & Christiansen, CF 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Acute Kidney Injury Duration and 20-Year Risks of CKD and Cardiovascular Disease” [Kidney International Reports Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2024, Pages 817-829] (Kidney International Reports (2024) 9(4) (817–829), (S2468024924000445), (10.1016/j.ekir.2024.01.034))', Kidney International Reports, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 3294-3294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2025.07.024

Bruno, C, Cesta, CE, Hjellvik, V, Ulrichsen, SP, Bjørk, MH, Esen, BÖ, Gillies, MB, Gissler, M, Havard, A, Karlstad, Ø, Leinonen, MK, Nørgaard, M, Pearson, SA, Reutfors, J, Furu, K, Cohen, JM & Zoega, H 2025, 'Corrigendum to Antipsychotic use during pregnancy and risk of specific neurodevelopmental disorders and learning difficulties in children: a multinational cohort study [eClinicalMedicine 70 (2024) 102531/DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102531] (eClinicalMedicine (2024) 70, (S258953702400110X), (10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102531))', eClinicalMedicine, vol. 81, 103139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103139

Lundberg, ASB , Vestergaard, CH , Sandbæk, A & Prior, A 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Continuity of care across sectors in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide register study in Denmark” [Prim. Care Diabetes 19 (2025) 261–269, (S1751991825000440), (10.1016/j.pcd.2025.02.004)]', Primary Care Diabetes, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 556-560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2025.07.003

Wan, KH, Wang, XY, Lai, KHW, Alio, JL, Ang, M, Chan, C, Chan, TCY, Cheng, GPM, Elsheikh, A, Hjortdal, J, Huang, G, Jhanji, V, Mehta, JS, Rao, SK, Sato, M, Sekundo, W, Sharma, N, Shetty, R, Wang, Y, Xiao, Y, Yang, Y, Zhai, C, Zhang, F, Zhou, X & Lam, DSC 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Controversies, consensuses and guidelines on Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) by the Academy of Asia-Pacific Professors of Ophthalmology (AAPPO) and the Asia-Pacific Myopia Society (APMS)” [Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol (2025) 100221] (Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology (2025) 14(4), (S216209892500088X), (10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100221))', Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology, vol. 14, no. 4, 100226, pp. 100226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjo.2025.100226

Kobek-Kjeldager, C , Jensen, LD , Foldager, L , Kaiser, M , Thodberg, K & Herskin, MS 2025, 'Corrigendum to:“Deck height did not affect behavioural measures of ‘natural movements’ and ‘adequate ventilation’ during 8 h and 23 h transport of weaner pigs” (Applied Animal Behaviour Science, (2025), 290, C, (106714), (S0168159125002126), 10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106714)', Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol. 292, 106793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2025.106793

Cornean, H, Garde, H & Jensen, A 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Discrete approximations to Dirichlet and Neumann Laplacians on a half-space and norm resolvent convergence”', Studia Mathematica, vol. 281, no. 2, pp. 199-201. https://doi.org/10.4064/sm241031-20-3

Tuborgh, A , Svendsen, SW, Elklit, A, Hunter, J, Ornbol, E , Jensen, JS , Schröder, A , Nielsen, JF , Næss-Schmidt, ET , Thastum, MM & Rask, CU 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Does insecure attachment affect treatment outcome in young persons with post-concussion symptoms? A secondary analysis of the GAIN trial”.(Journal of Psychosomatic Research, (2023), 164, C, (111100), (S0022399922003853), 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111100)', Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 199, 112428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112428

Schillaci, C, Scarpa, S, Yunta, F, Lipani, A, Visconti, F, Szatmári, G, Balog, K, Koganti, T , Greve, M, Bondi, G, Kargas, G, Londra, P, Kaya, F, Papa, GL, Panagos, P, Montanarella, L & Jones, A 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Empirical estimation of saturated soil-paste electrical conductivity in the EU using pedotransfer functions and Quantile Regression Forests: A mapping approach based on LUCAS topsoil data” [Geoderma 454 (2025) 117199] (Geoderma (2025) 454, (S0016706125000370), (10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117199))', Geoderma, vol. 456, 117253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117253

On behalf of the SIOP-Europe Rare Embryonal and Sarcomatous Tumours (REST) group 2025, 'Corrigendum to “European clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of paediatric pineal tumours” [EJC Paediatr. Oncol. 5 (2025) 100217] (EJC Paediatric Oncology (2025) 5, (S2772610X25000042), (10.1016/j.ejcped.2025.100217))', EJC Paediatric Oncology, vol. 5, 100241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcped.2025.100241

Tanambell, H , Danielsen, M , Freund, S , Nissen, SH , Møller, AH , Corredig, M & Dalsgaard, TK 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Partitioning of proteins and small molecular weight compounds from alfalfa juice during ultrafiltration” [Food Bioscience, (62), December 2024, 105044] (Food Bioscience (2024) 62, (S2212429224014743), (10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105044))', Food Bioscience, vol. 64, 105994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2025.105994

Josiasen, M , Røssell, EL , Zhu, T , Melgaard, A, Saraswat, L, Horne, AW, Hansen, KE & Rytter, D 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Prevalence and sociodemographic distribution of endometriosis symptoms and indicators in Denmark” [Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 307 (2025) 109–120, (S0301211525000582), (10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.01.051)]', European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 310, 113953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2025.113953

Vestergaard, CD , Elstrøm, UV , Muren, LP , Ren, J , Nørrevang, O , Jensen, K & Taasti, VT 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Proton dose calculation on cone-beam computed tomography using unsupervised 3D deep learning networks”. [Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 2024;32:100658] (Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology (2024) 32, (S2405631624001283), (10.1016/j.phro.2024.100658))', Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology, vol. 36, 100849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2025.100849

Dare, E 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Stereologically adapted Crofton formulae for tensor valuations” [Adv. Appl. Math. 160 (2024) 102754] (Advances in Applied Mathematics (2024) 160, (S0196885824000861), (10.1016/j.aam.2024.102754))', Advances in Applied Mathematics, vol. 171, 102937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aam.2025.102937

Frederiksen, C , Byrne, DV, Chan, RCK & Andersen, BV 2025, 'Corrigendum to “The effect of anhedonic traits on snack food consumption and interoception of food-related pleasure and bodily sensations” [Food Qual. Pref. 115 (2024) 105282] (Food Quality and Preference (2025) 122, (S0950329324001848), (10.1016/j.foodqual.2024.105282))', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 133, 105651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2025.105651

Mortensen, EØ , Abalos, D & Rasmussen, J 2025, 'Corrigendum to “Well-designed multi-species grassland mixtures enhance both soil carbon inputs and aboveground productivity” [Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 385 (2025) 109578] (Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (2025) 385, (S0167880925001100), (10.1016/j.agee.2025.109578))', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 386, 109619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109619

Labrador-Espinosa, MA, Silva-Rodriguez, J, Okkels, N, Muñoz-Delgado, L, Horsager, J, Castro-Labrador, S, Franco-Rosado, P, Castellano-Guerrero, AM, Iglesias-Camacho, E, San-Eufrasio, M, Macías-García, D, Jesús, S, Adarmes-Gómez, A, Ojeda-Lepe, E, Carrillo, F, Martín-Rodríguez, JF, Roldan Lora, F, García-Solís, D, Borghammer, P, Mir, P & Grothe, MJ 2025, 'Cortical hypometabolism in Parkinson’s disease is linked to cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 30, no. 6, 44, pp. 2372-2380. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02842-9

Sørensen, CTG , Hannestad, S & Tram, T 2025, 'Cosmic curl — features and convergence of the vorticity power spectrum in N-body simulations', Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, vol. 9, no. 79, 079. https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2025/09/079

Mifsud, DV, Kaňuchová, Z, Auriacombe, O, Herczku, P, Qasim, D, Kovács, STS, Rácz, R, Sulik, B, Juhász, Z, Rajta, I, Vajda, I, Biri, S, McCullough, RW, Ioppolo, S, Raut, U & Mason, NJ 2025, 'Cosmic Ray Irradiation of Interstellar Ices on Sulfur-Rich Grains: A Possible Source of Sulfur-Bearing Molecules', ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1227-1242. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.5c00036

Yan, D, Ji, M, Anesio, AM, Ferrari, BC, Benning, LG, Chen, Y, Takeuchi, N, Liu, P & Liu, Y 2025, 'Cosmopolitan and endemic species jointly enhance the potential of producing algal blooms in Tibetan glaciers', Communications Earth and Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, 584. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02528-2

Smith, ZL, Dickinson, HJ, Fraser, HJ, McClure, MK, Noble, JA, Boogert, ACA, Sun, F, Egami, E, Dartois, E, Erkal, J, Shimonishi, T, Beck, TL, Bergner, JB, Caselli, P, Charnley, SB, Chu, L, Drozdovskaya, MN, Garrod, R, Harsono, D, Ioppolo, S, Jimenez-Serra, I, Jørgensen, JK, Melnick, GJ, Öberg, KI, Palumbo, ME, Pendleton, YJ, Perotti, G, Pontoppidan, KM, Qasim, D, Rocha, WRM, Sturm, JA, Taillard, A, Urso, RG & van Dishoeck, EF 2025, 'Cospatial ice mapping of H₂O with CO₂ and CO across a molecular cloud with JWST/NIRCam', Nature Astronomy, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 883-894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02511-z

Mainz, JT, Bjerring, JC & Munch, LA 2025, 'Cost-Effectiveness and Algorithmic Decision-Making', AI and Ethics, vol. 5, pp. 2681–2693. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00528-0

Nielsen, L 2025, 'Cost-Effectiveness and the Distinction Between Quantitative and Qualitative Disability Discrimination', Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 851-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11673-025-10431-w

Lamy, A, Sandhu, RK, Tong, W, McIntyre, WF, Lopes, RD, Granger, CB, Wright, DJ, Nielsen, JC, Kutyifa, V, Erath, JW, Alings, M, Birnie, DH, Atar, D, Hohnloser, SH, Linde, C, Kautzner, J, Benezet-Mazuecos, J, Camm, AJ, Sticherling, C, Gold, MR, Larroudé, CE & Healey, JS 2025, 'Cost-effectiveness of Apixaban vs Aspirin for the Reduction of Thrombo-Embolism in High-Risk Patients with Device-Detected Atrial Fibrillation: Insights from the ARTESiA trial', Europace, vol. 27, no. 9, euaf195. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaf195

Gottschalk, S, König, HH, Subtil, F, Bonekamp, S, Denis, A, Aamodt, AH, Fuentes, B, Gizewski, ER, Hill, MD, Krajina, A, Pierot, L, Simonsen, CZ, Zelenák, K, Bendszus, M, Thomalla, G & Dams, J 2025, 'Cost-effectiveness of endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke with established large infarct in Germany: A decision tree and Markov model', Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2024-021837

Birch, CR, Paaske, SE , Jensen, MB , Baunwall, SMD , Ehlers, LH & Hvas, CL 2025, 'Cost-effectiveness of faecal microbiota transplantation compared with vancomycin monotherapy for early Clostridioides difficile infection: economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial', Journal of Hospital Infection, vol. 155, no. 1, pp. 145-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2024.11.003

Olesen, RH, Larsen, EB, Rubak, T , Baunwall, SMD , Paaske, SE , Gregersen, M , Foss, CH , Erikstrup, C, Krogh, CB, Ehlers, LH & Hvas, CL 2025, 'Cost-Effectiveness of Hospital-at-Home and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Treating Older Patients With Clostridioides difficile', Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 81, no. 2, ciaf104, pp. 348-354. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaf104

Kildegaard, TH, Sabroe, D, Wang, M & Høy, K 2025, 'Could intermediate unstable vertebrae benefit from surgery? A systematic review of SINS score 7-12.', Danish Orthopedic Society Congress 2025, Copenhagen, Denmark, 12/11/2025 - 14/11/2025.

Botti, S, Ceccato, T, Rizzo, M, Liguori, G, Zucchi, A, Palmieri, A, Johansen, TEB & Cai, T 2025, 'Could Urology’s Antimicrobial Stewardship Be Enhanced by the Routine Use of the Meares and Stamey Test?', Diagnostics, vol. 15, no. 8, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15081002

Skovsgård, CH , Frølunde, AS , Deleuran, M, Thyssen, JP, Thomsen, SF & Vestergaard, C 2025, 'Counselling Needs in Atopic Dermatitis: Perspectives on Pregnancy and Treatment', Acta Dermato-Venereologica, vol. 105, adv42544. https://doi.org/10.2340/actadv.v105.42544

Buch, R, van Dalen, A, Haas, N , Johansen, KR & Skovsgaard, M 2025, Country report Denmark. in Journalism Under Duress : Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021-2025). Worlds of Journalism Study, pp. 131-133. <https://www.worldsofjournalism.org/wp-content/uploads/WJS3-Report-Country-Reports-Denmark.pdf>

Devany, C & Kammersgaard, T 2025, County Lines and Exploitation in Drug Markets: Historical and Current Developments. in Understanding and Preventing 'Cuckooing' Victimisation: County Lines and Beyond. Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 17-32. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003479406-3

Coomber, R, Devany, C, Kammersgaard, T, Lloyd, C, Brown, K & Bainbridge, L 2025, County lines, policing and vulnerability. Vulnerability & Policing Futures Research Centre. <https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/226846/1/county-lines-policing-and-vulnerability-report.pdf>

Zhou, Y , Rørsted, JL, Weiss, A, Jørgensen, ACS, Lagae, C, Díaz, LFR, Li, Y, Winther, ML , Larsen, JR , Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, Kochukhov, O, Pollard, KR & Li, T 2025, 'Coupling 1D stellar evolution with 3D-hydrodynamical simulations on-the-fly - III: Stellar evolution at different metallicities', Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 540, no. 4, pp. 3400-3419. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staf937

Otto, M 2025, 'Couplings and Poisson approximation for stabilising functionals of determinantal point processes', Combinatorics Probability and Computing, vol. 34, no. 5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963548325000082

Pacheco, JP, López-Ballesteros, A, Mesman, JP, Aznarez, C, Pierson, D, Trolle, D, Nielsen, A & Senent-Aparicio, J 2025, 'Coupling SWAT+ and GOTM-WET models to assess agricultural management practices for mitigating harmful algal blooms in Mar Menor, Spain', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 380, 125033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.125033

Asadi, S, Pacheco, JP , Ladwig, R, López-Ballesteros, A, Mesman, JP, Jimeno-Sáez, P & Senent-Aparicio, J 2025, 'Coupling SWAT+, GOTM-WET, and LSTM to predict daily DO in Mar Menor', Results in Engineering, vol. 28, 107907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107907

Bjørnskov, C & Voigt, S 2025, 'Coups and Constitutional Change', Public Choice. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11127-025-01298-x

Hu, J, Zhang, P, Wang, P, Zhang, L & Zhang, X 2025, 'Covalent organic framework composite membrane for long lifespan alkaline zinc-based flow battery', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 525, 170123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.170123

De Notaris, C , Peixoto, L , Mortensen, E & Rasmussen, J 2025, 'Cover crop biomass production as a predictor of nitrogen fertilizer replacement value - legumes secure positive effects', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 381, 109446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2024.109446

Liang, Z , Madsen, MV & Elsgaard, L 2025, 'Cover crop quantity and quality jointly drive priming effects and new soil organic carbon formation across soil fertilization histories', World congress of soil science, 07/06/2026 - 12/06/2026.

Yan, F & Arthur, E 2025, 'Cover crops alter soil physicochemical properties: A global meta-analysis', Geoderma, vol. 460, 117436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2025.117436

Fernandez Pulido, CR , Rasmussen, J , Eriksen, J & Abalos, D 2025, 'Cover crops for nitrogen loss reductions: functional groups, species identity and traits', Plant and Soil, vol. 507, no. 1, pp. 127-140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-05895-x

Ginnerskov Dahlberg, M & Valentin, K 2025, COVID-19 and social exclusions: The experiences of Indian medical students in Tbilisi during and after the pandemic. in SI Rajan (ed.), Handbook of Research on Migration, COVID-19 and Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, pp. 428-446. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035301232.00034

Regan, AK, Rowe, SL, Sullivan, SG, Coates, MM, Muñoz, FM & Arah, OA 2025, 'COVID-19 Antiviral Medication Use Among Pregnant and Recently Pregnant US Outpatients', Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 512-519. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciae580

Skydsgaard, MA 2025, Covid-19-epidemien i Danmark, 2020-2022. danmarkshistorien.dk, Aarhus Universitet. <https://danmarkshistorien.lex.dk/Covid-19-epidemien_i_Danmark,_2020-2022>

Lægsgaard, E, Thim, SB , Holm, M & Rubak, S 2025, 'COVID-19 in Children With Severe Lung Disease—A Tertiary Center Cohort Study in Denmark', Pediatric Pulmonology, vol. 60, no. 4, e71094. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.71094

Louro, J, Kampitsi, CE, Mogensen, H, Erdmann, F, Modig, K, Nilsson, A, Heyman, M, Hasle, H, Krøyer, A, Kenborg, L, Hjalgrim, H, Feychting, M & Tettamanti, G 2025, 'COVID-19 infection and severity among childhood cancer survivors in Denmark and Sweden: a register-based cohort study with matched population and sibling comparisons', The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, vol. 55, 101363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2025.101363

Moussa, AA, Mohammad, M, Eiset, AH , Freja Storgaard, S & Wejse, C 2025, 'COVID-19 Readmission Is Highest Among Refugees in Denmark', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 22, no. 3, 367. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22030367

Rowe, SL, Sullivan, SG, Muñoz, FM, Coates, MM, Agnew, B, Arah, OA & Regan, AK 2025, 'COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy and Major Structural Birth Defects', Pediatrics, vol. 155, no. 4, e2024069778. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2024-069778

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