Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Jensen, JB, Langkilde, NC, Marcussen, N & Lundbeck, F 2003, 'Pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor of the prostate', Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, vol. 37, pp. 85-87.

Jensen, JB, Langkilde, NC, Lundbeck, F & Marcussen, N 2003, 'Pseudosarcomatous fibromyxoid tumor of the prostate', Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, no. 37, pp. 85-87.

Marchini, G, Ståbi, B, Lonne-Rahm, S, Jensen, MØ & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Psoriasin and Nitric Oxide Synthases 1-3 are inflammatory mediators in Erythema Toxicum Neonatorum', Pediatr. Dermatol., vol. 20, pp. 377-384.

Als, TD 2003, 'Psychiatric genetics: Methods and reviews (Methods in Molecular Medicine (TM), No. 77)', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 78.

Ross, L, Johansen, C, Oksbjerg, SD, Mellemkjær, L, Thomassen, LH, Mortensen, PB & Olsen, JH 2003, 'Psychiatric Hospitalizations among Survivors of Cancer in Childhood or Adolescence', N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 349, pp. 650-657.

Obel, C, Hedegaard, M, Henriksen, TB, Secher, NJ & Olsen, J 2003, 'Psychological factors in Pregnancy and Mixed-handednes in the Offspring', Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 557-561.

Obel, C , Hedegaard, M , Henriksen, TB , Secher, NJ & Olsen, J 2003, 'Psychological factors in pregnancy and mixed-handedness in the offspring.', Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 557-561. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00956.x

Mortensen, JT , Olsen, J , Larsen, H, Bendsen, J, Obel, C & Sørensen, HT 2003, 'Psychomotor development in children exposed in utero to benzodiazepines, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and anti-epileptics', European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025306304635

Moser, T 2003, Psychomotorische Fortbildungsmaßnahmen von Kinder-gärtnerinnen. Werkstattbericht zur Evaluation von Veränderungen ausgewählter Aspekte des motorischen und psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus von Vorschulkindern. in Motopädagogik. Universitätsverlag, Wien.

Licht, RW , Vestergaard, P, Kessing, LV, Larsen, JK & Thomsen, PH 2003, 'Psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and antiepileptic drugs: suggested guidelines from the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 108, no. supplementum 419, pp. 1-22.

Licht, RW , Vestergaard, P, Larsen, JK, Kessing, LV & Thomsen, PH 2003, 'Psychopharmacological treatment with lithium and epileptic drugs: suggested guidelines from the Danish Psychiatric Association and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Association in Denmark', Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, vol. 108 suppl. 419, pp. 1-22.

Andersen, B 2003, 'Psychosocial consequences of Chlamydia trachomatis testing', ISSTDR Conference, Ottawa, Canada, 01/07/2003.

Søndergaard, C , Olsen, J, Friis-Hasché, E, Dirdal, M , Thrane, N & Sørensen, HT 2003, 'Psychosocial distress during pregnancy and the risk of infantile colic: a follow-up study', Acta Paediatrica, vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 811-816. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb02538.x

Mors, O & Ewald, H 2003, 'Psykiatrisk genetisk forskning - en gen-vej til viden om de psykiske lidelsers patofysiologi', Medicus, vol. 4, pp. 13-14.

Damsbo, N & Engberg, M 2003, Psykiske problemer og sygdomme i almen praksis. in I Østergaard, JS Andersen, B Christensen, N Damsbo, T Lauritzen & K Witt (eds), Almen Medicin. 1 edn, Munksgaard , København, pp. 107-129.

Lynge, I, Munk-Jørgensen, P, Pedersen, AL, Mulvad, G & Bjerregaard, P 2003, Psykisk helbred hos patienter i Grønlands sundhedsvæsen. Statens Institut for Folkesundhed (SIF=s Grønlandsskrifter nr. 15) København.

Mathiassen, C 2003, 'Psykologer som retsvidenskabens fanger?', Bulletin for Antropologisk Psykologi, vol. 12.

Zachariae, B 2003, Psykoneuroimmunologi: Immunsystemet i biopsykosocialt perspektiv. in AW Hansen, H Kragh, S Larsen, P Lykke & JC Manniche (eds), Topforskning ved Aarhus Universitet: - en jubilæumsantologi. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus, pp. 251-276.

Brinkmann, S 2003, 'Psykoterapi som selvteknologi', Matrix: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Psykoterapi, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 360-376.

Bakker, P & Kyuchukov, H 2003, Publications in Romani, useful for Romani language education. Preliminary and Experimental Edition. November 2003: Publikacie andi Romani Chib kaj si lache andar i edukacia pal i Romani chib. Angluni thaj eksperimentalno edicia. Novembr 2003. Institut/Afdeling for Lingvistik, Aarhus. <http://www.hum.au.dk/lingvist/lokal/pdf/romedu-prefinal-november-20.pdf>

Jørgensen, FK, Jensen, UJ, Eriksson, C, Starfield, B, Ahlbohm, A, Andersen, PK, Cullen, M & Sarvimäki, A 2003, Public health and health service research. in Evaluation of clinical, epidemiological, public health, health related and psychological research in Norway. The Research Council of Norway, Oslo, Norge.

Mejlgaard, N & Siune, K 2003, Public Participation in Technology Foresight. in Building Bridges - Breaking Boundaries: 4th Triple Helix Conference. AFSK, 4th Triple Helix Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark, 17/12/2010.

Jensen, JL 2003, 'Public Spheres on the Internet: Anarchic or Government-Sponsored: A Comparison', Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 26, no. 4.

Hilligsøe, KM , Paulsen, HN , Mølmer, K , Thøgersen, J , Keiding, SR & Larsen, JJ 2003, Pulse propagation in photonic crystal fibers. in Danish Physical Society Annual Meeting 2003. pp. 17-17, Danish Physical Society Annual Meeting 2003, Nyborg, Denmark, 12/06/2003.

Hilligsøe, KM , Paulsen, HN , Mølmer, K , Thøgersen, J , Keiding, SR & Larsen, JJ 2003, Pulse propagation in photonic crystal fibers. in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest., 1312281. https://doi.org/10.1109/CLEOE.2003.1312281

Larsen, CR, Gravesen, F (ed.) & Knakkergaard, M (ed.) 2003, Punk. in Gads Musikleksikon: Sagdel. Gad, København, pp. 1474-1475.

Grunert, KG 2003, 'Purchase and consumption: The interdisciplinary nature of analysing food choice', Food Quality and Preference, vol. 14, no. -, pp. 39-40. <http://www.baser.dk/login?url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T6T-45D15CF-4-1&_cdi=5039&_user=745831&_orig=search&_coverDate=01%2F31%2F2003&_sk=999859998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVzz-zSkzS&md5=b02172883fce0f345eaef6982ceda1e2&ie=/sdarticle.pdf>

Wejse, PL, Ingvorsen, K & Mortensen, KK 2003, 'Purification and characterisation of two extremely halotolerant xylanases from a novel halophilic bacterium', Extremophiles, vol. 7, pp. 423-431.

Leipziger, J, Bailey, MA & Unwin, RJ 2003, 'Purinergic (P2) receptors in the kidney', Current Topics in Membranes, vol. 54, pp. 359-384.

Bakker, P 2003, 'Purism and mixed languages', Diversitas Linguarum , pp. 99-140.

Schaumburg-Müller, S 2003, 'Pursuing Theory in Law on Loose Ground: Anm. af: Agnete Weis Bentzon et al.: Pursuing Grounded Theory in Law', Retfærd, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 33-51.

Karring, H, Mathu, SGJ, Duin, VJ, Kraal.B., , Clark, BFC & Knudsen.C.R. 2003, 'Qbeta-phage resistance by deletion of the coiled-coil motif in elongation factor Ts', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 365, pp. 669-676.

Plant, P 2003, Qualität bei der Berufsberatung. Tysk udgave af Quality in Careers Guidance, OECD, 2001 edn, Bundesanstalt für Arbeit, Nürnberg.

Thomson, J, Chalchat, JC, Michet, A, Linhart, YB & Ehlers, B 2003, 'Qualitative and quantitative variation in monoterpene co-occurrence and composition in the essential oil of Thymus vulgaris chemotypes', Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol. 4, no. 29, pp. 859-880.

Wemelsfelder, F, DeRosa, G, Leeb, T, Minero, M, Nielsen, TR & Tost, MV 2003, Qualitative assessment of behaviour. in Proc. 37th International Congress of the ISAE,. Abano Terme, Italy. pp. 249-249, Qualitative assessment of behaviour, 18/12/2010.

Thybo, AK, Pedersen, MA, Kaack, K & Christiansen, J 2003, Quality aspects of a convenience potato product: Pre-peeled potatoes. in NFIF 2003, 9-11 April, Copenhagen, abstract P1-. pp. 3, NFIF 2003, København, Denmark, 09/04/2003.

Jensen, PT 2003, 'Quality of life after gynecological cancer treatment', 13th international meeting of the European Society of Gynecological Oncology, Bruxelles, Belgium, 06/04/2003 - 10/04/2003.

Zachariae, H, Zachariae, R, Blomqvist, K, Davidsson, S, Molin, L, Mørk, C & Sigurgeirsson, B 2003, 'Quality of life and prevalence of joint disease in members of the Nordic Psoriasis Associations', The 9th International Psoriasis Symposium, New York, United States, 18/06/2003 - 22/06/2003.

Offersen, BV, Borre, M & Overgaard, J 2003, 'Quantification of angiogenesis as a prognostic marker in human carcinomas: A critical evaluation of histopathological methods of vascular density', Eur. J. Cancer, vol. 39, pp. 881-890.

Offersen, BV , Borre, M & Overgaard, J 2003, 'Quantification of angiogenesis as a prognostic marker in human carcinomas: acritical evaluation of histopathological methods for estimation of vascular density', European Journal of Cancer, vol. 39, no. 7, pp. 881-890. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00663-9

Finsterer, J & Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A 2003, 'Quantification of concentric-needle-induced insertional activity by turn/amplitude analysis', Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 191-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(02)00109-8

Neretin, LN, Schippers, A, Pernthaler, A, Hamann, K, Amann, R & Jørgensen, BB 2003, 'Quantification of dissimilatory (bi)sulphite reductase gene expression in Desulfobacterium autotrophicum using real-time RT-PCR', Environmental Microbiology, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 660-671.

Christensen, PB , Nielsen, JF & Sinkjær, T 2003, 'Quantifiction of hyperreflexia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by the soleus stretch reflex', Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and other Motor Neuron Disorders, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 106-111.

Josefson, AB & Hansen, JLS 2003, 'Quantifying plant pigments and live diatoms in aphotic sediments of Scandinavian coastal waters confirms a major route in the pelagic-benthic coupling', Marine Biology, vol. 142, pp. 649-658.

Jensen, SM, Christensen, LP & Edelenbos, M 2003, 'Quantitative analysis of aroma compounds in stored broccoli florets by GC using large volume injection technique', NFIF (New Functional Ingredients and Foods) 2003 Conference, København, Denmark, 09/04/2003 - 11/04/2003.

Jensen, SM, Kjeldsen, F, Christensen, LP & Edelenbos, M 2003, Quantitative analysis of volatile compounds in vegetables by gas chromatography using large-volume injection technique. in Flavour Research at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century (Proceedings of the 10th Weurman Flavour Research Symposium). (Le Quéré, J.L. & Etiévant, P.X., (Eds.)), Lavoisier, Cachan, France. pp. 642-645.

Mørkenborg, J, Pedersen, M, Jensen, FT, Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H & Djurhuus, JC 2003, 'Quantitative assessment of Gd-DTPA contrast agent from signal enhancement: an in-vitro study', Magn Reson Imaging, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 637-643.

Morkenborg, J, Pedersen, M, Jensen, FT, Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H , Djurhuus, JC & Frøkiær, J 2003, 'Quantitative assessment of Gd-DTPA contrast agent from signal enhancement: an in-vitro study', Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol. 21, pp. 637-643. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12915195&dopt=Abstract>

Sejersten, M, Ripa, R, Schultz, M, Aplin, M, Grande, P, Andersen, HR, Wagner, G & Clemmensen, P 2003, 'Quantitative baseline ST segment elevation for prediction of the composite and component endpoints in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with reperfusion therapy: Results from the DANAMI-2', Xindianxue Zazhi, vol. 36, no. Suppl. 40, pp. 358-356.

Amon, B, Kryvoruchko, V, Amon, T, Béline, F & Petersen, SO 2003, Quantitative effects of storage conditions on GHG emissions from cattle slurry, and N2O and CH4 turnover inside natural surface crusts. Final report for EVK2 CT-2000-00096. <http://www.energetik-leipzig.de/Midair/midair_index.html>

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