Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Bangsbo, J, Hostrup, M, Hellsten, Y, Hansen, M, Melin, A, Kjær, M, Burr, JF, Engebretsen, L, Egan, B, Hackney, AC, Chambers, TL, Jones, AM, Pitsiladis, Y, Magnusson, P, Petersen, J, Deshmukh, AS, Calbet, JAL, Elliott-Sale, K, Joyner, M, Andersen, JL, Christensen, PM, Dünweber, MR, Rømer, T, Wickham, KA, Jessen, SK, Kissow, J, Jeppesen, JS & Moesgaard, L 2025, 'Consensus Statements—Optimizing Performance of the Elite Athlete', Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, vol. 35, no. 8, e70112. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70112

Andersen, CM 2025, 'Consequences of a welfare benefit reduction for refugee families on children’s school absence and crime', Education Economics, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 631-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2024.2406815

Magnussen, MG , Bouquet, AER , Nielsen, HM , Thomasen, JR, Hjortø, L, Voergaard, JL & Kargo, M 2025, Consequences of including CO2 taxes in the selection index of the Danish Blue line used for beef on dairy crossbreeding. in Book of Abstracts of the 76th Annual Meeting of the European Federation of Animal Science. EAAP, pp. 583-583, 76th Annual Meeting of The European Federation of Animal Science, Innsbruck, Austria, 25/08/2025.

Du, B, Kiese, R, Butterbach-Bahl, K, Dirnböck, T & Rennnenberg, H 2025, 'Consequences of nitrogen deposition and soil acidification in European forest ecosystems and mitigation approaches', Forest Ecology and Management, vol. 580, 122523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2025.122523

Hansen, MM, Edwards, C, Grossen, C, Kardos, M, Laikre, L & Ramakrishnan, U 2025, 'Conservation Genomics - Making a Difference', Molecular Ecology, vol. 34, no. 23, e70191. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.70191

Sommer, SG , Ugilt Larsen, S & Lemus, SG 2025, Conservation, Logistics, and Risk Analysis. in SG sommer, ML Christensen, B Norddahl, M Ambye-Jensen & MC Roda-Serrat (eds), Bioprocesses: A Comprehensive Guide to Sustainable Resources in the Non-Fossil Era. Cambridge University Press, pp. 118-172. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108950831.005

Parejo, M, Kryger, P, Bouga, M, Dall'Olio, R, Kandemir, I & Costa, C 2025, Conserving Locally Adapted Honey Bees. in C Costa, M Meixner, N Carreck, A Uzunov & R Büchler (eds), Sustainable Honey Bee Breeding: A Scientific Guide for Future Beekeeping. 1 edn, Springer, Cham, pp. 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-94204-4_4

Jelescu, IO, Grussu, F, Ianus, A, Hansen, B, Barrett, RLC, Aggarwal, M, Michielse, S, Nasrallah, F, Syeda, W, Wang, N, Veraart, J, Roebroeck, A, Bagdasarian, AF, Eichner, C, Sepehrband, F, Zimmermann, J, Soustelle, L, Bowman, C, Tendler, BC, Hertanu, A, Jeurissen, B, Verhoye, M, Frydman, L, van de Looij, Y, Hike, D, Dunn, JF, Miller, K, Landman, BA, Shemesh, N, Anderson, A, McKinnon, E, Farquharson, S, Dell'Acqua, F, Pierpaoli, C, Drobnjak, I, Leemans, A, Harkins, KD, Descoteaux, M, Xu, D, Huang, H, Santin, MD, Grant, SC, Obenaus, A, Kim, GS, Wu, D, Le Bihan, D, Blackband, SJ, Ciobanu, L, Fieremans, E, Bai, R, Leergaard, TB, Zhang, J, Dyrby, TB, Johnson, GA, Cohen-Adad, J, Budde, MD & Schilling, KG 2025, 'Considerations and recommendations from the ISMRM diffusion study group for preclinical diffusion MRI: Part 1: In vivo small-animal imaging', Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2507-2534. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.30429

Schilling, KG, Grussu, F, Ianus, A, Hansen, B, Howard, AFD, Barrett, RLC, Aggarwal, M, Michielse, S, Nasrallah, F, Syeda, W, Wang, N, Veraart, J, Roebroeck, A, Bagdasarian, AF, Eichner, C, Sepehrband, F, Zimmermann, J, Soustelle, L, Bowman, C, Tendler, BC, Hertanu, A, Jeurissen, B, Frydman, L, van de Looij, Y, Hike, D, Dunn, JF, Miller, K, Landman, BA, Shemesh, N, Anderson, A, McKinnon, E, Farquharson, S, Acqua, FD, Pierpaoli, C, Drobnjak, I, Leemans, A, Harkins, KD, Descoteaux, M, Xu, D, Huang, H, Santin, MD, Grant, SC, Obenaus, A, Kim, GS, Wu, D, Bihan, DL, Blackband, SJ, Ciobanu, L, Fieremans, E, Bai, R, Leergaard, T, Zhang, J, Dyrby, TB, Johnson, GA, Cohen-Adad, J, Budde, MD & Jelescu, IO 2025, 'Considerations and recommendations from the ISMRM Diffusion Study Group for preclinical diffusion MRI: Part 2 -- Ex vivo imaging: added value and acquisition', Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2535-2560. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.30435

Schilling, KG, Howard, AFD, Grussu, F, Ianus, A, Hansen, B, Barrett, RLC, Aggarwal, M, Michielse, S, Nasrallah, F, Syeda, W, Wang, N, Veraart, J, Roebroeck, A, Bagdasarian, AF, Eichner, C, Sepehrband, F, Zimmermann, J, Soustelle, L, Bowman, C, Tendler, BC, Hertanu, A, Jeurissen, B, Verhoye, M, Frydman, L, van de Looij, Y, Hike, D, Dunn, JF, Miller, K, Landman, BA, Shemesh, N, Anderson, A, McKinnon, E, Farquharson, S, Dell'Acqua, F, Pierpaoli, C, Drobnjak, I, Leemans, A, Harkins, KD, Descoteaux, M, Xu, D, Huang, H, Santin, MD, Grant, SC, Obenaus, A, Kim, GS, Wu, D, Le Bihan, D, Blackband, SJ, Ciobanu, L, Fieremans, E, Bai, R, Leergaard, TB, Zhang, J, Dyrby, TB, Johnson, GA, Cohen-Adad, J, Budde, MD & Jelescu, IO 2025, 'Considerations and recommendations from the ISMRM Diffusion Study Group for preclinical diffusion MRI: Part 3—Ex vivo imaging: Data processing, comparisons with microscopy, and tractography', Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 93, no. 6, pp. 2561-2582. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.30424

Ammitzbøll, C , Thomsen, MK , Erikstrup, C & Troldborg, A 2025, 'Considerations for Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination Among B-Cell-Depleted Patients', Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdc.2024.09.006

Hemraj, DA & Russell, BD 2025, 'Consistency in marine heatwave experiments for ecological relevance and application: Key problems and solutions', Limnology and Oceanography Letters, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10418

West, N, Covington, E, Vasquez Osorio, E, Stroom, J, Duchateau, M, Day, M, Hardcastle, N, Ayadi, M, Jackson, A, Rønde, HS, Mayo, C & Appelt, A 2025, 'Consistency in reirradiation scenarios: Terminology, tissue recovery in calculations, units and reporting', Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol. 202, 110587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110587

Biffi, S, Chapman, PJ, Grayson, RP, Holden, J, Leake, JR, Armitage, H, Hunt, SFP & Ziv, G 2025, 'Consistent soil organic carbon accumulation under hedges driven by increase in light particulate organic matter', Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, vol. 382, 109471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2025.109471

Li, W, Wu, S, Zhu, J, Zhang, L, Zheng, J, Wang, H, Qiu, Y, Xie, G & Li, C 2025, 'Constitutive modelling of time-dependent polymer matrix composites: Incorporating a visco-hyperelastic model into the micromechanical framework', Composite Structures, vol. 366, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2025.119220

Vera-Puerto, I, Istenič, D, Molle, P, Hernández-Crespo, C & Arias, CA 2025, 'Constructed wetlands for combined sewer overflow treatment: A 30-year review, current trends and future projections', Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health, vol. 48, 100681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100681

Møller, SLB 2025, 'Constructing Complexity: Innovating Fragment Couplings for Natural Product Total Synthesis', PhD, Aarhus University.

Risbank-Jensen, K 2025, Constructing "the Other": Disabled families' encounters with disablist violence in the Danish social welfare system. in Inequality, Education, and Social Exclusion in the Welfare State: Pedagogical Responses from the Nordic Countries. Routledge, London, pp. 197-216. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003491408-11

Christensen, JL 2025, 'Constructing the Past in the Present Institutional Narrations and the Production of Classical Antiquity at the New Carlsberg Glyptotek', PhD, Aarhus University.

Chen, L, Li, H, Ten, J, Fang, L & Yi, G 2025, 'Construction of a multi-tissue cell atlas reveals cell-type-specific regulation of molecular and complex phenotypes in pigs', Advanced Science.

Larsen, JT , Chatwin, H , Zhang, Z-P , Clausen, L, Bulik, CM, Thornton, LM, Micali, N, Petersen, LV & Yilmaz, Z 2025, 'Construction of a register-based severity index for anorexia nervosa in Denmark: Association with overall and cause-specific mortality', European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, vol. 68, no. 1, e104, pp. e104. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10059

Fälber, R, Jungdal-Olesen, G , Pedersen, VK, Damsgaard, A, Piotrowski, JA & Hermanowski, P 2025, 'Construction of hydrostratigraphic grid models of the Northwest German Basin for the esti-mation of subglacial erosion during future glaciations', INQUA Peribaltic Group Symposium, Michaelstein, Germany, 25/08/2025 - 29/08/2025.

Fälber, R, Jungdal-Olesen, G , Pedersen, VK , Damsgaard, A , Piotrowski, JA, Brandes, C & Winsemann, J 2025, 'Construction of hydrostratigraphic grid models of the Northwest German Basin for the esti-mation of subglacial erosion during past and future glaciations', Geo4Göttingen 2025 Conference, Göttingen, Germany, 14/09/2025 - 18/09/2025.

Fälber, R, Jungdal-Olesen, G , Pedersen, VK , Damsgaard, A , Piotrowski, JA, Brandes, C & Winsemann, J 2025, 'Construction of hydrostratigraphic subsurface models of the Northwest German Basin: input for numerical simulation of subglacial erosion during past and future glaciations', EGU General Assembly 2025, Vienna, Austria, 17/04/2025 - 02/05/2025.

Yang, S, Youn, W, Rheem, HB, Han, SY, Kim, N, Han, S, Schattling, P , Städler, B & Choi, IS 2025, 'Construction of Liposome-Based Extracellular Artificial Organelles on Individual Living Cells', Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, vol. 64, no. 3, e202415823. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202415823

Nguyen, MTA, Andersen, ES & Pothoulakis, G 2025, Construction of Small Genes with Repetitive Elements Using Oligo Extension and Golden Gate Assembly. in D Schindler (ed.), Golden Gate Cloning. Humana Press, New York, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 2850, pp. 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-4220-7_12

Zanabria, E, Murguia, D & Pérez, CT 2025, 'Construction workers' safety perceptions and job satisfaction: A comparative analysis of Denmark and Peru', Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC, vol. 33, pp. 1046-1057. https://doi.org/10.24928/2025/0125

Valbjørn, M 2025, Constructivism – Identity and Regional Cold Wars. in M Darwich & A Saouli (eds), International Relations of the Middle East: Theories and Case Studies. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Sørensen, L , Agergaard, J , Nielsen, TB , Schiøttz-Christensen, B , Laursen, CH , Leth, S , Nielsen, CV & Oestergaard, LG 2025, 'Construct validity of self-reported and interview-guided administration methods of the Danish version of the post-COVID-19 functional Status scale', Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences, vol. 6, 1690892. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2025.1690892

Aschemann-Witzel, J & Mulders, M 2025, Consumer behaviour change and market transition towards plant-rich eating. in LA Reisch & CR Sunstein (eds), The Elgar Companion to Consumer Behaviour and the Sustainable Development Goals. Edward Elgar Publishing, pp. 224-236. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035325061.00024

Jaeger, SR, Jin, D, Roigard, CM & Cardello, AV 2025, 'Consumer evaluations of commercially available plant-based cheddar cheese alternatives reveal inferior taste, nutrition and emotional appeal', Food Research International, vol. 200, 115452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2024.115452

Jaeger, SR, Chheang, SL & Schouteten, JJ 2025, 'Consumer Expectations for Cream Cheese: A Category Appraisal Study in the United Kingdom with Dairy and Plant-Based Variants in Various Flavours', Foods, vol. 14, no. 3, 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14030445

Gjørup, EM , Bech, BH , Stampe, S, Halldorsson, TI, Bjerregaard, AA, Olsen, SF, Ovesen, PG & Leth-Møller, M 2025, 'Consumption of Artificial Sweeteners during Pregnancy and the risk of Overweight in the Offspring', The British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 133, no. 7, pp. 966-976. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114525000455

Langmann, F , Jensen, CF , Mortensen, VL , Rosendal, L, Bock, N & Dahm, CC 2025, 'Consumption of Legumes and Risk of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Gallstones among Humans Aged 2+ Years: A Scoping Review', Nutrition Reviews, vol. 83, no. 11, nuaf157, pp. 2209-2224. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaf157

Šedík, P, Horská, E, Predanócyová, K, Grunert, KG, Hudecová, M & Nagyová, Ľ 2025, 'Consumption Trends and Perspectives for Milk and Dairy Products in Slovakia', Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 72-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2023.2275560

Komar, P, Brughmans, T & Borisova, E 2025, 'Consumption Trends, Trading Patterns and Economic Development in Italy Across Centuries: Data Analysis of Roman Amphorae in a Long-Term Perspective', Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, vol. 32, no. 1, 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-024-09686-1

Scheuren, PS, Hupp, M, Pfender, N, Seif, M, Zipser, CM, Wanivenhaus, F, Spirig, JM, Betz, M, Freund, P, Schubert, M, Farshad, M, Curt, A, Hubli, M & Rosner, J 2025, 'Contact heat evoked potentials reveal distinct patterns of spinal cord impairment in degenerative cervical myelopathy beyond MRI lesions', European Journal of Neurology, vol. 32, no. 1, e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.70001

Dey, T 2025, 'Contained Redistribution: The Technopolitics of Plastic Burning', Science, Technology & Human Values, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 197-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/01622439231216813

Ask, AV, Jaspers, VLB, Zhang, J, Asimakopoulos, AG, Frøyland, SH, Jolkkonen, J, Prian, WZ, Wilson, NM, Sonne, C , Hansen, M, Öst, M, Koivisto, S, Eeva, T, Vakili, FS & Arzel, C 2025, 'Contaminants of emerging concern in an endangered population of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) in the Baltic Sea', Environmental Pollution, vol. 365, 125409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125409

Bjerre, HL 2025, 'Contemporary Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: outcomes after upgrade and de novo procedures', PhD, Aarhus University.

Garot, P, Nielsen-Kudsk, J-E, Freixa, X, Berti, S, Wunderlich, N, Cruz-Gonzalez, I, Räber, L, Aminian, A & De Backer, O 2025, 'Contemporary European practice in left atrial appendage closure: results from a survey focusing on planning, techniques and post-implantation management', BMJ Open, vol. 15, no. 2, e090541, pp. e090541. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-090541

Dasgupta, N, Poulsen, SH, Emdin, M, Ambardekar, AV, Shah, KB, Hennum, L, Marwah, R, Allison, M, Shivanna, P, Siddhanti, S, Tamby, J-F, Falvey, H & Grodin, JL 2025, 'Contemporary Oral Medication Use and Frequency in Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy', American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 829-839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00752-x

Smith, RC, Huybrechts, L, Simonsen, J & Loi, D 2025, Contemporary Participatory Design: Research Agendas for Societal Crisis. in Proceedings of the Sixth Decennial Aarhus Conference: : Computing X Crisis. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, pp. 182-201, 6th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Computing X Crisis, AAR 2025, Aarhus, Denmark, 18/08/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3744169.3744183

Smith, RC, Huybrechts, L, Winschiers-Theophilus, H, Loi, D & Simonsen, J 2025, CONTEMPORARY PARTICIPATORY DESIGN: An Introduction. in Routledge International Handbook of Contemporary Participatory Design. Taylor and Francis Group, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003334330-1

Sandmann, C, Klaassen, S, Kaski, JP, Norrish, G & The International Paediatric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Consortium investigators 2025, 'Contemporary practice and resource availability for genetic testing in paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy', Journal of Medical Genetics, vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 528-530. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg-2025-110696

Thomsen, BMS & Ulla, A-J 2025, 'Contemporary Textile Art: Membranes of Relation', Passepartout – Uden titel, vol. 27, no. Nr. 45: Tekstile tendenser, pp. 161-183.

D'Oria, M, Neal, D, Budtz-Lilly, J, Cooper, M, De Martino, R, Mani, K, Lepidi, S, Stone, D & Scali, S 2025, 'Contemporary trends in practice patterns and clinical outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair for nontraumatic thoracic aortic disease in the Vascular Quality Initiative', Surgery, vol. 181, 109153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2025.109153

Køhler, E, Dalgas, U , Buhl, CS & Brincks, J 2025, 'Content and effects of balance training in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy–a systematic review and meta-analysis', Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1083-1094. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2024.2391823

Bruun, H & Lassen, JMM 2025, 'Content Commissioning in Danish Online Public Service Television', NordMedia 2025, Odense, Denmark, 13/08/2025 - 15/08/2025.

Daugbjerg, M 2025, Contested commemorations at Dybbøl/Düppel. in I Saloul & B Baillie (eds), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Cultural Heritage and Conflict. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, pp. 1-9. <https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-61493-5_80-1>

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