Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Bor, MV , Fedosov, S, Laursen, NB & Nexø, E 2003, 'Recombinant human intrinsic factor expressed in plants is suitable for use in measurement of vitamin B12', Clinical Chemistry, pp. 166-42.

Jensenius, JC , Jensen, PH, McGuire, K, Larsen, JL & Thiel, S 2003, 'Recombinant mannan-binding lectin (MBL) for therapy', Biochemical Society. Transactions, vol. 31, no. Pt 4, pp. 763-767. https://doi.org/10.1042/

Vandenbark, AA, Rich, C, Mooney, J, Zamora, A, Wang, C, Huan, J, Fugger, L, Offner, H, Jones, R & Burrows, GG 2003, 'Recombinant TCR ligand induces tolerance to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 peptide and reverses clinical and histological signs of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in HLA-DR2 transgenic mice', J. Immunol., vol. 171, pp. 127-133.

Schierup, MH & Forsberg, R 2003, 'Recombination and phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1', Paper presented at Atti dei Convegni Lincei - Tavola rotonda nell'ambito della Conferenza annuale della Ricerca, Roma 28-29 settember, 2001, 17/12/2010.

Zakari, A, McIntosh, RA, Wellings, CR, Shariflou, MR, Hayden, M, Bariana, HS & Hovmøller, MS 2003, Recombination of Yr15 and Yr24 in chromosome 1BS. in Pogna, N.E, Romano, M., Pogna, E.A. & Galterio, G. (eds.). Volume 1, Oral Presentations. Proceedings of the Tenth International Wheat Genetics Symposium. 1-6 September 2003, Paestum, Italy. pp. 417-420, Recombination of Yr15 and Yr24 in chromosome 1BS, 18/12/2010.

Andersen, FF , Andersen, KE, Kusk, M, Frøhlich, RF, Westergaard, O , Andersen, AH & Knudsen, BR 2003, 'Recombinogenic flap ligation mediated by human topoisomerase I', Journal of Molecular Biology.

Kalso, E, Allan, L, Dellemijn, PL, Faunra, CC, Ilias, WK, Jensen, TS, Perrot, S, Plaghki, LH & nullM., Z 2003, 'Recommendation of using opioids in chronic non cancer pain', European Journal of Pain, no. 7, pp. 381-386.

Olsen, AK 2003, 'Recommened sampling and dosing procedures: When, where and how?', ScandLAS Symposium, Lahti, Denmark, 17/12/2010.

Ryves, D, Amsinck, SL, Appleby, PG, Bennike, O, Clarke, AL, Jeppesen, E & Landkildehus, F 2003, 'Reconstructing the salinity and environment of the Limfjord and Vejlerne Nature Reserve, Denmark, using a diatiom calibration model for brackish lakes and fjords', International Symposium on Paleolimnology, Espoo, Finland, 24/08/2003 - 28/08/2003.

Kadarmideen, H 2003, Recording disease and reproductive events in dairy cattle for developing national health and fertility selection indices: in Book: Performance Recording of Animals State Of The Art, 2002: Proceedings of the 33rd Biennial Session of ICAR, Interlaken, Switzerland. Editors : Joseph Crettenand, Juerg Moll, Cesare Mosconi and Silvia Wegmann. vol. 107, Wageningen Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-511-6

Laursen, LV , Bjergbæk, L, Murray, JM & Andersen, AH 2003, 'RecQ helicases and topoisomerase III in cancer and aging', Biogerontology, vol. 4, pp. 275-287.

Khakhar, RR, Cobb, JA, Bjergbæk, L, Hickson, ID & Gasser, SM 2003, 'RecQ helicases: Multiple roles in genome maintenance', Trends Cell Biol., vol. 9, pp. 493-501.

Seidel, J, Streck, S, Bellstedt, K, Vianey-Saban, C, Pedersen, CB, Vockley, J, Korall, H, Roskos, M, Deufel, T, Trefz, FK, Sewell, AC, Lehnert, W & Gregersen, N 2003, 'Recurrent vomiting and ethylmalonic aciduria associated with rare mutations in the short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD) gene', J. Inher. Metab. Dis, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 37-42.

Seidel, J, Streck, S, Bellstedt, K, Vianey-Saban, C, Pedersen, CB, Vockley, J, Korall, H, Roskos, M, Deufel, T, Trefz, KF, Sewell, AC, Kauf, E, Zintl, F, Lehnert, W & Gregersen, N 2003, 'Recurrent vomiting and ethylmalonic aciduria associated with rare mutations of the short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase gene', J. Inherit. Metab. Dis, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 37-42.

Hein, J, Jensen, JL & Pedersen, CNS 2003, 'Recursions for statistical multiple alignment', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), vol. 100, no. 25, pp. 14960-14965. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2036252100

Petersen, SO, Henriksen, K, Mortensen, GK, Krogh, PH, Brandt, KK, Sørensen, J, Madsen, T, Petersen, J & Grøn, C 2003, Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land: Fate of organic contaminants, and impact on soil fertility. in Proceedings COST Action 831, Biotechnology of Soil: Monitoring, Conservation and Remediation Workshop: Managing Soil Quality. <Forlag uden navn>, pp. 79-82, Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land, Budapest, Hungary, 12/09/2002.

Petersen, SO, Henriksen, K, Mortensen, GK, Krogh, PH, Brandt, KK, Sorensen, J, Madsen, T, Petersen, J & Gron, C 2003, 'Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land: Fate and effects of organic contaminants, and impact on soil fertility', Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 72, pp. 139-152.

Petersen, SO, Henriksen, K, Mortensen, GK, Krogh, PH, Brandt, KK, Sørensen, J, Madsen, T, Petersen, J & Grøn, C 2003, 'Recycling of sewage sludge and household compost to arable land: fate and effects of organic contaminants, and impact on soil fertility', Soil & Tillage Research, vol. 72, pp. 139-152.

Marti, E, Arias, CA , Brix, H & Johansen, NH 2003 'Recycling of treated effluents enhances reduction of total nitrogen in vertical flow constructed wetlands' 94 edn, pp. 150-155.

Hansen, TH, Fjeldsøe, M & Michelsen, M 2003, 'Redaktionelt', Danish Yearbook of Musicology, vol. 30, pp. 7-8.

Paldam, CS 2003, 'Redaktionelt forord - Den berusede tekst', Passage, no. 46, pp. 3-4.

Petersen, SO, Nissen, HH, Lund, I & Ambus, P 2003, 'Redistribution of Slurry Components as Influenced by Injection Method, Soil, and Slurry Properties', Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 32, pp. 2399-2409.

Turpaev, K, Litvinov, D & Justesen, J 2003, 'Redox modulation of NO-dependent induction of interleukin 8 gene in monocytic U937 cells', Cytokine, vol. 23, pp. 15-22.

Wang, W, Li, C, Kwon, TH, Miller, RT, Knepper, MA, Frøkiær, J & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Reduced expression of renal Na+ transporters in rat with PTH-induced hypercalcemia', American Journal of Physiology: Renal Physiology, pp. F-889-F901.

Bakke, M, Werdelin, LM, Dalager, T , Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A, Prytz, S & Møller, E 2003, 'Reduced jaw opening from paradoxical activity of mandibular elevator muscles treated with botulinum toxin', European Journal of Neurology, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 695-9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-1331.2003.00664.x

Giesen, EBW, Ding, M, Dalstra, M & van Eijden, TMGJ 2003, 'Reduced mechanical load decreases the density, stiffness, and strength of cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle', Clinical Biomechanics, vol. 18, pp. 358-363.

Giese, EB, Ding, M, Dalstra, M & nullEijdenT.M., V 2003, 'Reduced mechanical load decreases the density, stiffness, and strength of cancellous bone of the mandibular condyle', Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), pp. 358-363.

Gong, H, Wang, W, Kwon, TH, Jonassen, T, Frokiaer, J & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Reduced renal expression of AQP2, p-AQP2 and AQP3 in haemorrhagic shock-induced acute reanl failure', Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2551-2559.

Gong, H, Wang, W, Kwon, TH, Jonassen, T, Frøkiær, J & Nielsen, S 2003, 'Reduced renal expression of AQP2, p-AQP2 and AQP3 in haemorrhagic shock-induced acute renal failure', Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2551-2559.

Børsting, CF, Kristensen, T, Misciattelli, L, Hvelplund, T & Weisbjerg, MR 2003, 'Reducing nitrogen surplus from dairy farms: Effects of feeding and management', Livestock Science, vol. 80, pp. 153-165.

Carss, DN, Bregnballe, T, Keller, TM & van Eerden, MR 2003, 'Reducing the conflict between Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and fisheries on a Pan-European scale: REDCAFE opens for business', Vogelwelt, vol. 124, no. suppl., pp. 299-307.

Labouriau, R & Theil, PK 2003, Reducing the size of large experiments and treating missing observations. in Bilag til Temamøde om Biometrianvendelse i planteforskningen. pp. 50-60, Temamøde om Biometrianvendelse i planteforskningen, Forskningscenter Flakkebjerg, Denmark, 25/09/2003.

Hansen, MN , Sommer, SG & Madsen, NP 2003, 'Reduction of ammonia emission by shallow slurry injection: Injection efficiency and additional energy demand', Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 32, pp. 1099-1104.

Daasbjerg, K & Sehested, K 2003, 'Reduction of Substituted Benzenediazonium Salts by Hydrogen Atoms in Aqueous Acidic Solution Studied by Pulse Radiolysis', Journal of Physical Chemistry Part A: Molecules, Spectroscopy, Kinetics, Environment and General Theory, vol. 107, pp. 4462-4469.

Jørgensen, JG & Schröder, P 2003, 'Reductions in real versus tariff barriers: the impact on industry concentration', Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 251-268. <http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JICT.0000026854.44009.4c>

Aaes, O & Sehested, J 2003, 'Reduktion af de danske normer for fosfor til kvæg', KvaegInfo, no. 1134.

Bregnballe, T & Hounisen, JP 2003, Reduktion i antallet af skarver i Ringkøbing og Nissum Fjorde: Oliering af æg og beskydning i 2002. Arbejdsrapport fra DMU - Naturovervågning, vol. 179, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet. <http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_arbrapporter/rapporter/AR179.pdf>

Bakker, P 2003, Reduplication in Saramaccan. in S Kouwenberg (ed.), Twice as meaningful: Reduplication in Pidgins, Creoles and other Contact Languages. Battlebridge, London, pp. 73-82.

Zhang, W, Jarzabek, S, Loughran, N & Rashid, A 2003, Reengineering a PC-based System into the Mobile Device Product Line. in Fourth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution. IEEE Computer Society Press, pp. 149-160, Fourth International Workshop on Principles of Software Evolution, Helsinki, Finland, 01/09/2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWPSE.2003.1231222

Sjelborg, P & Kirknel, EK 2003, Re-entry efter pesticidbehandling i væksthuse samt resultater fra re-entry i EUROPOEM II. in 20. Danske Planteværnskonference. DJF rapport, markbrug, no. 89, pp. 181-184, Re-entry efter pesticidbehandling i væksthuse samt resultater fra re-entry i EUROPOEM II, 18/12/2010.

Hoffmann, CC , Baattrup-Pedersen, A, Stamphøj, EM & Fabricius, K 2003, 'Re-establishing freshwater wetlands in Denmark', Poster presented at The Warsaw conference of ECOFLOOD, Warsaw, Poland, 06/09/2003 - 13/09/2003.

Hoffmann, CC , Baattrup-Pedersen, A, Stamphøj, EM, Fabricius, K, Morawska, D (ed.), Siedlecki, T (ed.) & Stelmaszczyk, M (ed.) 2003, Re-establishing freshwater wetlands in Denmark. in D Morawska, T Siedlecki & M Stelmaszczyk (eds), Proceedings of the Warsaw Conference of ECOFLOOD, Towards natural flood reduction strategies, 6-13 September 2003. Warsaw Agricultural University. <http://levis.sggw.waw.pl/ecoflood>

Bjerring, R , Johansson, LS , Amsinck, SL , Jeppesen, E, Bradshaw, E & Odgaard, B 2003, 'Reference conditions and development of trophic structure in 15 Danish lakes based on cladoceran subfossils studied in relation to the EU Water Framework Directive', 9th International Symposium on Paleolimnology, Espoo, Finland, 24/08/2003 - 28/08/2003.

Knudsen, UB, Draborg, E, Dueholm, M , Jeppesen, U , Glavind-Kristensen, M, de Larsson, L, Mogensen, O, Møiniche, S, Ottesen, BS, Schouenborg, L, Settnes, A & Svane, D 2003, Referenceprogram for hysterektomi på benign indikation.

Gerhardy, P, Baaz, M (ed.) & Makowsky, JA (ed.) 2003, Refined Complexity Analysis of Cut Elimination. in Ikke angivet. 2803 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science edn, Springer, pp. 212-225, CSL 2003, Wien, Austria, 25/08/2003.

Nielsen, K 2003, 'Reflections on contingency and education', Paper presented at Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain, Oxford, United Kingdom, 11/04/2003 - 13/04/2003.

Bach-Nielsen, C & Ingesman, P (eds) 2003, Reformation: religion og politik. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Århus.

Sørensen, KE & Hansen, SF 2003, 'Reforming the Financial Assistance Provision in the Second Company Law Directive: A Danish Perspective', European Business Law Review, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 3-23.

Rasmussen, J 2003, 'Reformpædagogikkens endeligt?', Asterisk (magasin), no. 9. <http://www.dpu.dk/everest/Publications//udgivelser/asterisk/asterisk%20nrx2e%209%20februar%202003/20030908113258/currentversion/99_asterisk%25209-s14-15.pdf>

Rasmussen, J 2003, 'Reformpædagogikkens manglende informationsværdi', Frie Grundskoler, no. 6.

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