Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Olesen, TB 2025, Denmark and the 1973 European Identity Declaration. in D Cuccia, M Gehler & M Kotzur (eds), 50 Years of the Copenhagen Declaration 1973-2023: Questions on European Identity Policies. Böhlau Verlag, Wien, pp. 175-194.

Hemme, MS 2025, Denmark implements the opt-out of maximum weekly working time in 2024 – why this recent change?. Wolters Kluwer . <https://global-workplace-law-and-policy.kluwerlawonline.com/>

Albertsen, A 2025, 'Denmark Introduces a Soft Opt-Out Organ Donation Law', Transplantation.

Nielsen, O-K , Plejdrup, MS , Winther, M , Nielsen, M , Gyldenkærne, S , Mikkelsen, MH , Albrektsen, R , Hjelgaard, KH , Fauser, P , Bruun, HG , Levin, G , Callisen, LW , Andersen, TA, Johannsen, VK, Nord-Larsen, T, Vesterdal, L, Stupak, I, Bentsen, NS, Rasmussen, E, Petersen, SB, Baunbæk, L & Hansen, MG 2025, Denmark's National Inventory Document 2025: Emission Inventories 1990-2023 - Submitted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, no. 655, Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. <https://dce.au.dk/fileadmin/dce.au.dk/Udgivelser/Videnskabelige_rapporter_600-699/SR655.pdf>

Nielsen, KH 2025, 'Den moralske fare ved gratis lægehjælp', Weekendavisen, vol. Sektion 4 (Ideer), pp. 5.

Frederiksen, KS , Fabricius, VAV , Pedersen, MM , Thylstrup, B , Brummer, JE & Pedersen, MU 2025, Den nationale UngMap spørgeskemaundersøgelse: Danske unges brug af rusmidler 2025. Aarhus Universitet. <https://psy.au.dk/fileadmin/site_files/filer_rusmiddelforskning/dokumenter/rapporter/2025/Rapport._Danske_unges_brug_af_rusmidler2025.pdf>

Pedersen, NA 2025, Den nubiske kirke. Lex.dk. <https://lex.dk/den_nubiske_kirke>

Bomholt Larsen, AS , Paldam, E , Skydsgaard, MA & Kirkfeldt, SS, Den oversete krop: Om kvindekroppen i den moderne biomedicin, 2025, 2D/3D (psysical products).

Zhang, H, Santana-Codina, N, Yu, Q, Poupault, C, Campos, C, Qin, X, Sindoni, N, Ciscar, M, Padhye, A, Kuljanin, M, Wang, J, Dorman, MJ, Bross, P, Aguirre, AJ, Dougan, SK, Sarosiek, KA & Mancias, JD 2025, 'De novo pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibition synergizes with BCL-X_L targeting in pancreatic cancer', Nature Communications, vol. 16, no. 1, 6987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61242-x

Mathiasen Stopa, SE 2025, 'Den perfekte julegave: Noget for noget eller alt for ingenting?', Brabrand Aarslev Kirkers sogneblad, vol. 2025-2026, no. 1, pp. 4-5. <https://www.brabrand-aarslev.dk/fileadmin/group/732/Billeder/Sognebladet_-_aktuelle_blade_og_forsider/2026-1_-_Sognebladet.pdf>

Korsgaard, O 2025, 'Den poetiske virkelighed - historien om Grundtvig og det moderne Danmark', Æra, no. 9, 2, pp. 34-43.

Thorup, M 2025, 'Den politiske løgns tre epoker', Paradoks: Tidsskrift for Filosofi og Teori. <https://paradoks.nu/2025/11/28/den-politiske-loegns-tre-epoker/>

Brimnes, N 2025, 'Den politiske polarhelt: Knud Rasmussen og Grønlandspolitikken', Historisk Tidsskrift, vol. 125, no. 2, pp. 427-444. https://doi.org/10.7146/ht.v125i2.162680

Heiden, TR & Jensen, MP 2025, 'Den posthumane elev og danskfaget', Tidsskrift for Danskdidaktisk Forskning, vol. 1, no. 1. <https://tidsskrift.dk/tdf/article/view/162079/203696>

Nielsen, JV 2025, 'Den røde fare: Politiovervågning af de danske kommunister og deres omgangskredse 1941-1943', Arbejderhistorie: tidskrift for historie, kultur og politik, vol. 2025, no. 1, pp. 64-85.

Kristiansen, MS & Lund-Jacobsen, T 2025, 'Den skjulte kulturarv: et gensyn med de højryggede agre i Fiskerup Skov', Landbohistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. 2025, no. 20, pp. 55-75. <https://tidsskrift.dk/landbohist/article/view/159572>

Evans, DCS , Kristensen, MF , Minero, GAS, Palmén, LG, Knap, I, Tiwari, MK, Schlafer, S & Meyer, RL 2025, 'Dental biofilms contain DNase I-resistant Z-DNA and G-quadruplexes but alternative DNase overcomes this resistance', npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, vol. 11, no. 1, 80. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-025-00694-x

Fejerskov, O & Nyvad, B (eds) 2025, Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management. 4 edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.

Fejerskov, O & Nyvad, B 2025, Dental Caries - Definitions and Clinical Features. in O Fejerskov & B Nyvad (eds), Dental Caries : The disease and its clinical management. 4 edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp. 3-15.

Manji, F & Fejerskov, O 2025, Dental Caries Epidemiology. in O Fejerskov & B Nyvad (eds), Dental Caries : The disease and its clinical management. 4 edn, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, pp. 35-57.

da Motta, TP, da Mota, DG, Bitencourt, FV, Jardim, PF, Abreu, LG, Zina, LG, de Abreu, MHNG & Vargas-Ferreira, F 2025, 'Dental Caries of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis', Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-025-06754-7

Fuglsig, JMCES, Sampaio-Oliveira, M & Spin-Neto, R 2025, 'Dental-dedicated magnetic resonance imaging in the follow-up of lower third molar removal', Oral Radiology, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 296-301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11282-024-00787-x

Petersen, KH , Dyring, R & Dige, I 2025, 'Dental Students’ Motivation and Social Commitment: Addressing Inequality in Oral Health', ADEE Annual meeting 2025, Dublin, Ireland, 20/08/2025 - 22/08/2025.

Olesen, NW 2025, 'Den tyske skole og besættelsen: Jacob Halvas Bjerre: Den tyske skole og besættelsen, Gads Forlag: København 2023.', Uddannelseshistorie: årbog fra Selskabet for dansk Skolehistorie, no. 58, pp. 187-190.

Vium, C 2025, Departed.

Zetterberg-Nielsen, H 2025, De-pathologising Non-normative Bodies and Minds of Persons with Dominance-Oriented Sexualities – the Role of Narratives about and in BDSM. in Poetics of Disturbances: Narratives of Non-normative Bodies and Minds. Brill, Leiden, Narratives and Mental Health, vol. 2, pp. 179-203. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004519886_011

Christiansen, PM 2025, De politiske budgetter. in PM Christiansen (ed.), Budgetlægning og offentlige udgifter. 4 edn, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kbh., Statskundskab, pp. 11-35.

Skov, O, Johansen, JB, Nielsen, JC, Larroudé, CE, Riahi, S, Melchior, TM, Vinther, M, Möller, S, Skovbakke, SJ, Rottmann, N & Pedersen, SS 2025, 'Depression, anxiety and device acceptance after ICD implantation: A longitudinal cohort analysis of the ACQUIRE-ICD trial', Journal of Psychosomatic Research, vol. 199, 112430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2025.112430

Nørby, S 2025, 'Depression: Implications for learning and education', Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2024.2434982

Rohde, C, Langeskov-Christensen, M , Jørgensen, LB , Borghammer, P & Østergaard, SD 2025, 'Depression preceding and following the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia', General Psychiatry, vol. 38, no. 6, e102405. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2025-102405

Gilchrist, L, Spargo, TP, Green, RE, Coleman, JRI, Howard, DM, Thorp, JG, Adey, BN, Lord, J, Davies, HL, Mundy, J, ter Kuile, AR, Davies, MR, Hübel, C, Bristow, S, Lee, SH, Rogers, H, Curtis, C, Kakar, S, Malouf, CM, Kalsi, G, Arathimos, R, Corbett, A, Ballard, C, Brooker, H, Creese, B, Aarsland, D, Hampshire, A, Velayudhan, L, Eley, TC, Breen, G, Iacoangeli, A, Kõks, S, Lewis, CM & Proitsi, P 2025, 'Depression symptom-specific genetic associations in clinically diagnosed and proxy case Alzheimer’s disease', Nature Mental Health, vol. 3, no. 2, 160, pp. 212-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-024-00369-0

Mao, M, Martinez, MM, Tunçil, YE, Ding, L, Chen, C, Fu, X, Huang, Q & Zhang, B 2025, 'Deproteinization and controlled starch prehydrolysis in intact pulse cotyledon cells regulates starch retrogradation and digestion', Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 367, 123922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123922

Bashar, MR, Amini, M, Stuerzlinger, W, Sarac, M, Pfeuffer, K, Machuca, MDB & Batmaz, AU 2025, Depth3DSketch: Freehand Sketching Out of Arm’s Reach in Virtual Reality. in CHI EA 2025 - Extended Abstracts of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems., 175, Association for Computing Machinery, 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2025, Yokohama, Japan, 26/04/2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3719717

Jakobsen, AB , Clausen, AB , van de Pol, J & Shaik, I 2025, Depth-Optimal Quantum Layout Synthesis as SAT. in J Berg & J Nordstrom (eds), 28th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing, SAT 2025., 16, Dagstuhl Publishing, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics, LIPIcs, vol. 341, 28th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Satisfiability Testing, SAT 2025, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 12/08/2025. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.SAT.2025.16

Chalil Oglou, R , Ceccato, M , Frederiksen, ML, Shavorskiy, A, Bentien, A & Lauritsen, JV 2025, 'Depth-Profiling Cation Location and Oxidation States of Ni Foam Electrodes in Fe/Co-Enriched Electrolytes under Alkaline Water Oxidation Conditions', ACS Catalysis, vol. 15, no. 20, pp. 17122-17132. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5c04791

Zimmermann, S, Nielsen, MG & Lyhne, CN 2025, '”Der blev ikke talt om min ensomhed” - Behov for sygeplejefaglig støtte ved hospitalsudskrivelse blandt ældre med multisygdom. En kvalitativ undersøgelse', Klinisk Sygepleje, vol. 40, no. 2. https://doi.org/10.18261/ks.40.2.1

Meinert, L 2025, Der bor en ung pige. in AL Dalsgård, MD Frederiksen & M Louw (eds), Sagens kerne: 20 antropologiske essays om skønlitterær inspiration. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 178-188.

Uusimäki, E 2025, 'De rejsende og fastboende i Det Gamle Testamente', Bibliana, vol. 2025, no. 2. <https://laesbibliana.dk/5783958/2/>

Bjerre, J 2025, 'Der er noget "Tilbage til fremtiden" over regeringens uddannelsespolitik', Altinget.

Farbøl, R 2025, 'Derfor prepper danskerne ikke', Jyllands-Posten. <https://jyllands-posten.dk/debat/kronik/ECE18095676/derfor-prepper-danskerne-ikke/>

Oelsner, G & Vandsø, A 2025, Der grønne danske hjem. in Plantefeber-Verden i vindueskaemen. Aarhus Universitetsforlag, Aarhus, pp. 50-61.

Afrough, A 2025, 'Derivation of Multi-Exponential Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Equations in Simple Pore Geometries', Applied Magnetic Resonance, vol. 56, no. 3, 014009, pp. 313-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00723-024-01729-w

Kloster, TK 2025, 'Derivatives: Volatility and Tractability', PhD, Aarhus University, Aarhus.

Ladefoged, LK , Schiøtt, B & Fedosova, N 2025, 'Derivatization of Bufadienolides at Carbon-3 of the Steroid Core and Their Consequences for the Interaction with Na+,K+-ATPase', International Journal of Molecular Sciences , vol. 26, no. 22, 11027, pp. 11027. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211027

Boenisch, PM 2025, Der Kulturkampf daheim im Dorf: Christian Lollikes Klassiker-Inszenierung von Ludvig Holbergs Erasmus Montanus. in A Englhart & A Stecher (eds), "Wars das jetzt? War das die Revolution?" Transkulturelle Theaterästhetiken: Festschrift für Michael Gissenwehrer. utzverlag GmbH, München, pp. 104-115.

Holm, SØ, Jakobsen, CD & Bergmann, K 2025, 'Dermatologiens julepalet – et eksperimentelt studie af juleudsmykning med topikale præparater', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 187, no. 50, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.61409/V20258

Bertelsen, T, Bjørn, MN, Carlsen, BC, Hedelund, L, Karmisholt, K, Nilsson, PK, Vissing, S & Hædersdal, M 2025, 'Dermatologiske behandlinger med laser og energibaseret udstyr', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 187, no. 14, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.61409/V10240747

Frølunde, AS 2025, 'Dermatology in general practice in Western Denmark: Management, referral patterns, and early disease indicators', PhD, Aarhus University.

Clasen, M 2025, 'Der Spaß an der Angst', APuZ: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, vol. 75, no. 43-45, pp. 40-46. <https://www.bpb.de/shop/zeitschriften/apuz/angst-2025/571759/der-spass-an-der-angst/>

Brindle, JE, Brunt, MW, Renaud, DL, Haley, DB, Duffield, TF & Winder, CB 2025, 'Describing the decision-making process of Ontario dairy farmers when managing down dairy cattle: A qualitative focus group study', Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 108, no. 12, pp. 13691-13703. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2025-26939

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