Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Andresen, M 2003, Case: Making students grasp the concept of differential equations in a broader and more flexible way by using computers. <http://www.dpb.dpu.dk/dokumentarkiv/showdoc.asp?id=051205135157&type=doc>

Aabo, T 2003, 'Cash Flows versus Accounting Earnings in Managing Exchange Rate Exposures: An Empirical Study of Non-Financial Companies', Paper presented at FMA European Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 04/06/2003 - 07/06/2003.

Schmidt, CL 2003, 'Cash Pooling i et selskabsretlig belysning', Nordisk Tidsskrift for Selskabsret, vol. 2002, no. 4.

Kahns, S, Kalai, M, Jakobsen, LD, Clark, BFC, Vandenabeele, P & Jensen, PH 2003, 'Caspase-1 and caspase-8 cleave and inactive cellular parkin', Journal of Biological Chemistry, no. 278, pp. 23376-23380.

Kahns, S, Kalai, M, Diness Jakobsen, L, Clark, BFC, Jensen, PH & Vandenabeele, P 2003, 'Caspase-1 and caspase-8 cleave and inactive cellular parkin', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, pp. 23376-23380.

Andersen, O, Vorum, H, Honoré, B & Thøgersen, HC 2003, 'Ca²⁺ binding to complement-type repeat domains 5 and 6 from the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein.', BMC Biochemistry, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7-7.

Juul, BS, Møller, JV, Jorgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, Ca²⁺ occlusion of Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase by CrATP. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 318-319.

Perho, I 2003, Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts: Codices Arabici Arthur Christenseniani. NIAS Press, Copenhagen.

Risgaard, T, Gothelf, KV & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Catalytic asymmetric Henry Reactions of silyl nitronates with aldehydes', Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, vol. 1, pp. 153-156.

Bernardi, L, Gothelf, AS, Hazell, RG & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Glycine Derivatives with Imines. A New Approach to Optically Active alpha,beta-Diamino Acid Derivatives', J. Org. Chem., vol. 68, pp. 2583-2591.

Knudsen, KR, Bachmann, S & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Catalytic enantioselective transaminiation of -keto esters: an organic approach to enzymatic reactions', Chemical Communications, vol. 20, pp. 2602-2603. <http://pubs.rsc.org/ej/CC/2003/b308395k.pdf?&VOLNO=&Yr=2003&Fp=&Ep=&JournalCode=CC&Iss=Advance_Article>

Marigo, M, Juhl, K & Jørgensen, KA 2003, 'Catalytic, Highly Enantioselective, Direct Amination of beta-Ketoesters', Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 42, pp. 1367-1369.

Thorup-Kristensen, K, Magid, J & Jensen, LS 2003, 'Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones', Advances in Agronomy, vol. 79, pp. 227-302.

Müller, HH 2003, 'Categoricidad, funcionalidad y proyección temporal: Aspectos semánticos de los modales "poder", ["can" y "kunne"]'.

Mæng, M , Busk, M, Tanderup, K, Mertz, H , Andersen, HR & Thuesen, L 2003, 'Catheter-based 32P beta-radiation after stent implantation in porcine coronary arteries: role of source-centering and geographical miss', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 247-257.

Maeng, M, Busk, M, Tanderup, K, Mertz, H, Andersen, HR & Thuesen, L 2003, 'Catheter-based 32P Beta-radiation after Stent Implantation in Porcine Coronary Arteries: Role of Source-centering and Geographical Miss', Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions, vol. 60, pp. 257-257.

Esmann, M , Fedosova, NU, Jørgensen, PL (ed.), Karlish, SJD (ed.) & Maunsbach, AB (ed.) 2003, Cation requirement for nucleotide binding to Na,K-ATPase. in Na,K-ATPase and related cation pumps: Structure, function, and regulatory mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, pp. 238-239.

Grevsen, K 2003, Cauliflower quality affected by covering against pests. in Nordic agriculture in global perspective. NJF Congress, Turku, Finland, 01/07/2003.

Elmqvist, N & Tsigas, P 2003, Causality visualization using animated Growing Polygons. in IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization 2003, InfoVis 2003., 1249025, Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, INFO VIS, pp. 189-196, 9th Annual IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, InfoVis 2003, Seattle, WA, United States, 19/10/2003. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFVIS.2003.1249025

Voldstedlund, M, Thuneberg, L, Tranum-Jensen, J, Vinten, J & Christensen, EI 2003, 'Caveolae, caveolin and cav-p60 in smooth muscle and renin-producing cells in the rat kidney', Acta Physiologica (Print), vol. 179, pp. 179-188.

Johansen, P , Travis, BR , Paulsen, PK , Nygaard, H & Hasenkam, JM 2003, 'Cavitaion caused by mechanical heart valve prosthesis: A review', Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, no. 109, pp. 108-112.

Osted, A, Kongsted, J, Mikkelsen, KV & Christiansen, O 2003, 'Cc2 dielectric continuum and cc2/molecular mechanics models', Journal of Chemical Physics, vol. 101, pp. 2055-2071.

Cormont, M, Metón, I, Mari, M, Monzo, P, Keslair, F, Gaskin, C, McGraw, TE & Le Marchand-Brustel, Y 2003, 'CD2AP/CMS regulates endosome morphology and traffic to the degradative pathway through its interaction with Rab4 and c-Cbl', Traffic, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 97-112. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0854.2003.40205.x

Bjerg, B, Kai, P , Morsing, S & Takai, H 2003, CDF methods to predict close range spreading of ventilation air from livestock buildings. in Proc. int. symp. on Gaseous and odour emissions from animal production facilities. Scandic Hotel Bygholm Park, Horsens, Denmark. ISBN 87-88976-66-1. pp. 294-301, CDF methods to predict close range spreading of ventilation air from livestock buildings, 18/12/2010.

Brooks, HL, Ageloff, S, Kwon, TH, Brandt, W, Terris, JM, Seth, A, Michea, L, Nielsen, S, Fenton, R & nullM.A., K 2003, 'cDNA array identification of genes regulated in rat renal medulla in response to vasopressin infusion', Am. J. Physiol., vol. 284, pp. 218-228.

Almeida, I 2003, 'Celebración del apócrifo en 'Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius'', Variaciones Borges, no. 15, pp. R-5.

Nørgaard, JM 2003, 'Cell Biology of Chemotherapy Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.', Aarhus Universitet.

Bennedsgaard, TW 2003, Celletallet på vej mod 200.000. in Temamøde: Celletal og yversundhed: DJF Intern rapport 177. pp. 21-24, Celletallet på vej mod 200.000, Foulum, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Rasmussen, MD (ed.) 2003, Celletal og yversundhed: DJF Intern rapport 177. Aarhus University, Foulum.

Bøttger, P & Pedersen, L 2003, 'Cellular regulation of the type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, Pit2, in response to hyperphosphatemic conditions', Scandinavian Congress of Physiology and Pharmacology, Odense, Denmark, 11/10/2003 - 14/10/2003.

Nielsen, SB & CENMOVE 2003, 'Cenozoic vertical movements in Northwest Europe', Paper presented at EGS-AGU-EUG Joint Assembly 2003, Nice, France, 17/12/2010.

Larsen, L 2003, Center for Gerontopsykologi: Forskning og udvikling på ældreområdet. in Abstracts. Dansk Gerontologisk Selskab, Dansk Gerontologisk Selskabs Årsmøde, Klarskovgaard, Korsør, Denmark, 09/05/2003.

Kastberg, P 2003, 'Centre for Science Communication and Mediation (Fakultetscenter for Vidensformidling)', L S P and Professional Communication, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. s. 123-124.

Koch, J 2003, 'Centromeric sequences and sequence structures', Encyclopedia of the Human Genome, pp. -. <http://www.ehgonline.net>

Helenius, J, Perkio, J, Soinne, L, Østergaard, L, Carano, RA, Salonen, O, Savolainen, S, Kaste, M, Aronen, HJ & Tatlisumak, T 2003, 'Cerebral hemodynamics in a healthy population measured by dynamic susceptibility contrast MR imaging', Acta Radiologica, vol. 44, pp. 538-546.

Peerdeman, SM, van Tulder, MW & Vandertop, WP 2003, 'Cerebral microdialysis as a monitoring method in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, and correlation with clinical events - A systematic review', Journal of Neurology. Supplement, vol. 250, no. 7, pp. 797-805. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-003-1079-z

Sandager, KP , Vogel, I , Thorsen, P & Uldbjerg, N 2003, 'Cervixlængde som risikomarkør for præterm fødsel', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 46, pp. 4415-8.

Fibiger, MQ 2003, Chakra.

Pedersen, KH & Johannsen, L 2003, Challenges to Public Administration in New EU Member States. in Ikke angivet. Department of Political Science, University of Aarhus, the Annual Conference of the Central European Political Science Association (CEPSA), Vilnius, Lithuania, 9-11 October 2003, 17/12/2010.

Friis, EM & Pedersen, KR 2003, 'Changes in angiosperm diversity through the Cretaceous', Paper presented at Royal Danish Academy of Science and Letters, Copenhagen (May 2003), 17/12/2010.

Andersen, TM, Dølvik, JE (ed.) & Englestad, F (ed.) 2003, Changes in Danish labour market bargaining - the prototypical case of organised decentralization? in National regimes of collective barganing in transformation: Nordic trends in comparative perspective. Rapportserien nr. 54 edn, Makt- og demokratiutredningen Norge 1918-2003, Norge.

Nielsen, S 2003, Changes in Dictionary Subject Matter. in Herbert Ernst Wiegand (Hrsg.) (ed.), Untersuchungen zur kommerziellen Lexikographie der deutschen Gegenwartssprache I. "Duden. Das große Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache in zehn Bänden". Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, pp. s. 109-115.

Schmidt, NM & Jensen, PM 2003, 'Changes in Mammalian Body Length over 175 Years- Adaptations to a Fragmented Landscape?', Ecology and Society, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 1-7. <http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art6>

Munk, P, Hansen, BW, Nielsen, TG & Thomsen, HA 2003, 'Changes in plankton and fish larvae communities across hydrographic fronts off West Greenland', Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 815-830.

Rosenberg Hansen, C, Dollerup, C & Rewentlov, I 2003, Changes in the perception of characters in reading. Igel, Tyskland. <http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/igel/igelconfr.htm>

Ekelund, F, Olsson, S & Johansen, A 2003, 'Changes in the succession and diversity of protozoan and microbial populations in soil spiked with a range of copper concentrations', Soil Biology & Biochemistry, vol. 35, pp. 1507-1516.

Ding, M, Odgaard, A & Hvid, I 2003, 'Changes in three-dimensional microstructure of human tibial early-stage osteoarthrotic cancellous bone', J. Bone Joint Surg. Br., vol. 85, no. 6, pp. 906-912.

Kjeldsen, F , Christensen, LP & Edelenbos, M 2003, 'Changes in volatile compounds of carrots (Daucus carota L.) during refrigerated and frozen storage', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 51, no. 18, pp. 5400-5407.

Lamandé, M, Hallaire, V, Curmi, P, Pérès, G & Cluzeau, D 2003, 'Changes of pore morphology, infiltration and earthworm community in a loamy soil under different agricultural managements', Catena, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 637-649.

Ejrnæs, R, Hansen, DN & Aude, E 2003, 'Changing Course of Secondary Succession in Abandoned Sandy Fields', Biological Conservation, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 343-350.

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