Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Simonis, RB, Parnell, EJ, Ray, PS & Peacock, JL 2003, 'Electrical treatment of tibial non-union: A prospective, randomised, double-blind trial', Injury, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 357-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(02)00209-7

Kaltoft, A, Bottcher, M, Sand, NP, Nielsen, TT & Rehling, M 2003, 'Electrocardiographic gated (99m)Tc-sestamibi SPECT immediately after primary percutaneous coronary intervention characterizes reperfusion success', Cardiology, vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 198-204.

Tittes, K, Bund, A, Plieth, W, Bentien, A, Paschen, S, Plötner, M, Gräfe, H & Fischer, W-J 2003, 'Electrochemical deposition of Bi2Te3 for thermoelectric microdevices', Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 714-723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-003-0378-8

Ferapontova, EE & Shipovskov, SV 2003, 'Electrochemically induced oxidative damage to double-stranded calf thymus DNA adsorbed on gold electrodes', Biochemistry (Moscow), vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022153720508

Ferapontova, EE & Shipovskov, SV 2003, 'Electrochemically induced oxidative damage to double-stranded calf thymus DNA adsorbed on gold electrodes', Biokhimiya, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 118-124.

Christensen, B, Jürgen, D, Thomasen, T , Daasbjerg, K & Pedersen, SU 2003, Electrochemical Studies of the Electron Transfer Induced Isomerisation of cis-stilbene. in Ikke angivet. The International Society of Electrochemistry, 54th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), Sao Pedro, Brasilia, 17/12/2010.

Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A , Fuglsang-Frederiksen, A (ed.) & Bril, V (ed.) 2003, Electrodiagnosis of Polyneuropathies: From Variation Studies to Guidelines. in Peripheral Neuropathy, Diabetic Neuropathy. American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine, Rochester, pp. 1-9.

Vorum, H, Aalkjaer, C, Hager, H, Nielsen, S & Maunsbach, AB 2003, 'Electrogenic Na+/HCO3-cotransporter rkNBC1 immunolocalized in rat eye', New York Academy of Sciences. Annals, vol. 986, pp. 646-648.

Vorum, H, Aalkjær, C, Hager, H, Nielsen, D & Maunsbach, AB 2003, 'Electrogenic Na⁺/HCO₃^-cotransporter rkNBC1 immunolocalized in rat eye', New York Academy of Sciences. Annals, vol. 986, pp. 646-648.

Wiggers, H , Bøtker, HE, Søgaard, P, Kaltoft, A, Hermansen, F, Kim, WY , Krusell, L & Thuesen, L 2003, 'Electromechanical mapping versus positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography for the detection of myocardial viability in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 843-848.

Liu, B, Tomita, S, Rangama, J, Hvelplund, P & Nielsen, SB 2003, 'Electron attachment to "naked" and microsolvated nucleotide anions: Detection of long-lived dianions', ChemPhysChem, vol. 4, pp. 1341.

Hvelplund, P , Liu, B, Brøndsted Nielsen, S, Tomita, S, Cederquist, H, Jensen, J, Schmidt, HT & Zettergren, H 2003, 'Electron capture and loss by protonated peptides and proteins in collisions with C₆₀ and Na', The European Physical Journal D: Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics, vol. 22, pp. 75.

Hvelplund, P , Liu, B , Nielsen, SB & Tomita, S 2003, 'Electron capture induced dissociation of peptide dications', Int. J. Mass. Spectrom., vol. 225, pp. 83.

Sampaio, JM, Langanke, K, Martinez-Pinedo, G, Kolbe, E & Dean, DJ 2003, Electron Capture Rates for Core Collapse Supernovae. in Nuclear Physics A. pp. 440-440, Nuclei in the Cosmos VII, Mount Fuji, Japan, 17/12/2010.

Langanke, K, Martinez-Pinedo, G, Sampaio, JM, Dean, DJ, Hix, WR, Messer, OEB, Mezzakappa, A, Liebendörfer, M, Janka, H-T & Rampp, K 2003, 'Electron capture rates on nuclei and implications for stellar core', Physical Review Letters, vol. 90.

Overgaard, J , Larsen, FK , Schiøtt, B & Iversen, BB 2003, 'Electron Density Distributions of Redox Active Mixed Valence Carboxylate Bridged Trinuclear Iron Complexes', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 125, pp. 11088-11099.

Hansen, JP, Sørevik, T & Madsen, LB 2003, 'Electron emission during combined attosecond pulses', Physical Review A, vol. 68, pp. 31401.

Boenisch, PM 2003, 'Electronic bodies: Corpo-Realities in contemporary dance performance', Performance Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2003.10871964

Limao-Vieira, P, Eden, S, Mason, NJ & Hoffmann, SV 2003, 'Electronic state spectroscopy of acetaldehyde, CH₃CHO, by high-resolution VUV photo-absorption', Chemical Physics Letters, vol. 376, pp. 737-747.

Hofmann, P, Gayone, JE, Hoffmann, SV & Li, Z 2003, 'Electronic Structure and Electron-Phonon Interaction on Bi(100)', Paper presented at Fruehjahrstagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, Dresden, Germany, 17/12/2010.

Gonzalez Szwacki, N, Boguslawski, P, Gorczyca, I, Christensen, NE & Svane, A 2003, Electronic structure and optical properties of GaAs(1-x)N(x) and Ga(1-x)B(x)As alloys. in International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (ICPS),. International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (ICPS), Edinburgh, UK, 28. juli-2. august 2002, 17/12/2010.

Madsen, GKH, Schwarz, K, Blaha, P & Singh, DJ 2003, 'Electronic structure and transport in type-I and type-VIII clathrates containing strontium, barium, and europium', Physical Review B, vol. 68.

Szotek, Z, Temmerman, WM, Svane, A, Petit, L & Winter, H 2003, 'Electronic Structure of half-metallic double perovskites', Physical Review B, vol. 68.

Søndergaard, CS, Schultz, C, Agergaard, S, Li, H, Li, Z , Hoffmann, SV, Grütter, C, Bilgram, JH & Hofmann, P 2003, 'Electronic Structure of α-Ga', Physical Review B, vol. 67.

Seiersen, K, Bak, J, Bluhme, H, Jensen, MJ, Brøndsted Nielsen, S & Andersen, LH 2003, 'Electron-impact detachment of O₃^-, NO₃^- and SO₂^- ions', Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol. 5.

Liu, B , Hvelplund, P , Nielsen, SB & Tomita, S 2003, 'Electron loss and dissociation in high energy collsions between multiply charged oligonucleotide anions and noble gases', Int. J. Mass. Spectrom., vol. 230, pp. 19.

Dalmose, A, Bjarkam, C, Vuckovic, A, Sørensen, JC & Hansen, J 2003, 'Electrostimulation: a future treatment option for patients with neurogenic urodynamic disorders?', APMIS Suppl, vol. 109, pp. 45-51.

Storgaard, P & Thomsen, PH 2003, 'Elektiv mutisme - social funktionsforstyrrelse eller angstlidelse?', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, pp. 678-681.

Norberg, E , Korsgaard, IR & Løvendahl, P 2003, Elektrisk ledningsevne i mælk som indikator for mastitis - beskrivelse af profiler gennem malkning. in Bilag til Temamøde: Malkekoens Energioptagelse, Mobilisering og sundhed (MEMO). pp. 9-18, Temamøde: Malkekoens Energioptagelse, Mobilisering og sundhed (MEMO), Forskningscenter Foulum, Denmark, 18/12/2010.

Videbech, P & Honoré, M 2003, 'Elektrokonvulsiv terapi (ECT). Patienternes vurdering af behandlingen', Ugeskrift for Læger, vol. 165, no. 40, pp. 3811-3814.

Karstoft, S 2003, 'Elektronisk fakturering - juridiske aspekter', Revision og Regnskabsvæsen, vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 20-25.

Markussen, R , Olesen, F, Vagnby, L & Pedersen, B 2003, 'Elektronisk medicinordination', Sygeplejersken, no. 25. <http://www.sygeplejersken.dk/sygeplejersken/default.asp?intArticleID=10081&menu=195009&strSearchword=Elektronisk%20medicinordination>

Glasius, M, Wåhlin, P , Jensen, B & Palmgren, F 2003, 'Elemental composition of particles indoors and outdoors of an urban apartment: European Aerosol Confence, Madrid, Spain, 31 August - 5 September 2003', Journal of Aerosol Science, vol. 34, no. Suppl. 1, pp. S1363-S1364.

Awodey, S & Birkedal, L 2003, 'Elementary axioms for local maps of toposes', Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra, vol. 177, no. 3, pp. 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4049(02)00283-9

Tarp, S 2003, Elements de base de la theorie lexicographique. in J.D. Emujulu (ed.) (ed.), Elements de Lexicographie Gabonaise. vol. II, Jimacs-Hillman Publishers, New York, pp. 7-21.

Horn, P , Sørensen, P , Hornshøj, H , Hedegaard, J & Bendixen, C 2003, Elements of Variance in Microarray Systems. in Proceedings 6th International Meeting of the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society. pp. 63, International Meeting of the Microarray Gene Expression Data Society, Aix-en-Provence, France, 03/09/2003.

Hansen, TK, Thiel, S, Knudsen, ST, Gravholt, CH, Christiansen, JS, Mogensen, CE & Poulsen, PL 2003, 'Elevated levels of mannan-binding lectin in patients with type 1 diabetes', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 4857-4861.

Hansen, TK , Thiel, S , Knudsen, ST , Gravholt, CH , Christiansen, JS , Mogensen, CE & Poulsen, PL 2003, 'Elevated levels of mannan-binding lectin in patients with type 1 diabetes', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 88, no. 10, pp. 4857-61.

Jensen, MK, Holten-Andersen, MN, Riisbro, R, de Nully Brown, P, Larsen, MB, Kjeldsen, L, Heickendorff, L, Brunner, N & Hasselbalch, HC 2003, 'Elevated plasma levels of TIMP-1 correlate with plasma suPAR/uPA in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders', Eur. J. Haematol., vol. 5, no. 71, pp. 377-384.

Bennedsgaard, TW, Thamsborg, SM, Vaarst, M & Enevoldsen, C 2003, 'Eleven years of organic dairy production in Denmark: Herd health and production related to time of conversion and compared to conventional production', Livestock Science, vol. 80, no. 1-2, pp. 121-131.

Andresen, BB 2003, Elever der møder passende udfordringer lærer mere - læringsledelse der gør en forskel. in O Hansen (ed.), Skolens rummelighed. Undervisningsministeriet, København.

Johannsen, L 2003, Eleverne skal nu lære at tænke i stedet for at huske. in Lande i Europa: http://eu-lande.dk. Forlaget Hedeskov, Odder.

Bundgaard, A 2003, El exilio como 'patria verdadera' en el pensamiento de María Zambrano. in La cultura del exilio republicano español de 1939. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, pp. 562-569.

Sørensen, KE & Clausen, NJ 2003, 'Eliminering af (visse) barrierer for overtagelsestilbud - nyt udkast til direktiv om overtagelsestilbud', Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, no. 3, pp. 25-34.

Thomsen, JPF 2003 'Elitens ikke-beslutninger' Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Uniersitet, Århus.

Kierans, C & McCormack, P 2003, 'Elmdale: a Search for an Understanding of Community through Protest and Resistance', Irish Journal of Anthropology, pp. 113-129.

Andersen, GR , Nissen, P & Nyborg, J 2003, 'Elongation factors in protein biosynthesis', Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol. 28, pp. 434-441.

Nielsen, KB 2003, 'Elskovskunst i Det Gamle Kina', Kinabladet, no. 20, pp. 18-22.

Szotek, Z, Temmerman, WM, Svane, A, Petit, L, Stocks, GM & Winter, H 2003, 'Ab initio Study of Charge Order in Fe₃O₄', Physical Review B, vol. 68, 54415.

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