Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Baraldi, A, Lizzit, K, Hofmann, P & De Gironcoli, S 2003, 'Multilayer thermal expansion of Be(0001) determined from surface core level shifts', Europhysics Letters, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 364-370.

Van Laerhoven, K, Villar, N & Gellersen, H 2003, 'Multi-Level Sensory Interpretation and Adaptation in a Mobile Cube', pp. 111--117.

Bhatia, VK, Candlin, CN, Engberg, J & Trosborg, A (eds) 2003, Multilingual and Multicultural Contexts of Legislation. An International Perspective. Peter Lang, Bern.

Ajami, RA, Bear, MM & Nørreklit, H 2003, Multinational corporate sustainability: a content analysis approach. in Hamid R. Nemati & Christopher D. Barko (ed.), Organizational data mining: leveraging enterprise data resources for optimal performance. Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, pp. 9-24.

Genefke, J 2003 'Multipartner collaboration with many partners' Afdeling for Virksomhedsledelse, IfØ, Aarhus Universitet. <http://www.econ.au.dk/afv/default.htm>

Genefke, J, Holm, T, Melchiorsen, H & Hibbert, P (ed.) 2003, Multipartner collaboration with many partners: Shared care: management fad - or a tool for the few. in Co-creating emergent insight: Multi-organisational networks, partnerships and alliances. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

Sieber, OM, Lipton, L, Crabtree, M, Heinimann, K, Fidalgo, P, Phillis, RK, Disgaard, ML, Ørntoft, TF, Aaltonen, LA, Hodgson, SV, Thomas, HJ & Tomlison, IP 2003, 'Multiple colorectal adenomas, classic adenomatous pplyposis, and germ-line mutations in MYH', N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 348, no. 9, pp. 791-799.

Pinnschmidt, H , Vollmer, J , Hovmøller, MS, Munk, L & Østergård, H 2003, Multiple diseases, host resistance and the role of variety mixtures for disease control in organically grown spring barley. in Proc. of the 1. international symposium on organic seed production and plant breeding, Berlin, Gernmany, 21 - 22 Nov., 2002. pp. 73-73, Multiple diseases, host resistance and the role of variety mixtures for disease control in organically grown spring barley, 18/12/2010.

Richardson, K, Rasmussen, B, Bunk, T & Mouritsen, LT 2003, 'Multiple subsurface phytoplankton blooms occurring simultaneously in the Skagerrak', Journal of Plankton Research, vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 799-813.

Lund, MS , Sørensen, P , Guldbrandtsen, B & Sorensen, D 2003, 'Multi-trait Fine Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci Using Combined Linkage Disequilibria and Linkage Analysis', Genetics, vol. 163, no. 1, pp. 405-410. <http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/405>

Korsgaard, IR , Lund, MS , Sorensen, D, Gianola, D, Madsen, P & Jensen, J 2003, 'Multivariate Bayesian analysis of Gaussian, right censored Gaussian, ordered categorical and binary traits using Gibbs sampling', Genetics Selection Evolution, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 159-183.

Bundy, JG, Ramløv, H & Holmstrup, M 2003, 'Multivariate metabolic profiling using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of freeze-tolerant and freeze-intolerant earthworms exposed to frost', CryoLetters, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 347-358.

Christiansen, B, Bloch, C, Uddannelsesstyrelsen (ed.) & Caudery, T 2003, Mundtlig Engelsk. in Engelsk: En erfaringsopsamling af nogle udviklingsarbejder og forsøg i det almene gymnasium og HF. Hæfte nr 32 edn, Undervisningsministeriet, København, pp. 36-62.

Zinner, NT , Langanke, K , Riisager, K & Kolbe.E. 2003, 'Muon Capture on Nickel and Tin Isotopes', The European Physical Journal A: Hadrons and Nuclei, vol. 17, pp. 10020-10028.

Stover, CM, Lynch, NJ, Dahl, MR, Hanson, SG, Takahashi, M, Frankenberger, M, Ziegler-Heitbrock, L, Eperon, I, Thiel, S & Schwaeble, WJ 2003, 'Murine serine proteases MASP-1 and MASP-3, components of the lectin pathway activation complex of complement, are encoded by a single structural gene', Genes and Immunity, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 374-84. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6363970

Stover, CM, Lynch, NJ, Dahl, MR, Hanson, S, Takahashi, M, Frankenberger, M, Ziegler-Heitbrock, L, Eperon, I, Thiel, S & Schwaeble, WJ 2003, 'Murine serine proteases MASP-1 and MASP-3, components of the lectin pathway activation complex of complement, are encoded by a single stuctural gene', Genes and Immunity, vol. 48, pp. 374-384.

van Tulder, MW, Touray, T, Furlan, AD, Solway, S & Bouter, LM 2003, 'Muscle relaxants for non-specific low-back pain', The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, no. 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004252

van Tulder, MW, Touray, T, Furlan, AD, Solway, S & Bouter, LM 2003, 'Muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the cochrane collaboration', Unspecified journal, pp. 1978-1992. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.BRS.0000090503.38830.AD

Aagaard, NK 2003, 'Muscle strength, muscle mass and contents of muscle magnesium, potassium and Na,K-pumps in chronic alcoholics with and without alcoholic liver disease: Effect of magnesium supplementation. Relation to spironolactone treatment', Århus.

Sørensen, MV, Funch, P, Hooge, M & Tyler, S 2003, 'Musculature of Notholca acuminata (Rotifera : Ploima : Brachionidae) revealed by confocal scanning laser microscopy', Invertebrate Biology, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 223-230.

Sørensen, MV, Funch, P, Hooge, M & Tyler, S 2003, 'Musculature of Notholca acuminata (Rotifera: Ploima: Brachionidae) revealed by confocal scanning laser microscopy', Invertebrate Biology, vol. 122, no. 3, pp. 223-230.

Michelsen, M 2003, Music-Cultural Translations: A Comparison Between Elements of the Danish and the English Reception of David Bowie. in Britain and Denmark: Political, Economic and Cultural Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Museum Tusculanum, København, pp. 511-531.

Nielsen, FV 2003, Musikpædagogik. in Gads Musikleksikon. Sagdel. Gad, København.

Aastrup, PJ 2003, 'Muskox (Ovibos moschatus) survival in Jameson Land, East Greenland', 11th Arctic Ungulate Conference, Saariselkä, Finland, 24/08/2003 - 28/08/2003.

Olsen, A-ME 2003, Must We Always Begin with Thales? The Beginning is More Than Half of the Whole. in Socrate pour tous/Socrates For Everybody: Enseigner la philosophie aux non-philosophes/Teaching Philosophy to Non-Philosophers. Vrin, Paris, Pour Demain.

Andersen, JP , Clausen, JD , Einholm, AP & Vilsen, B 2003, 'Mutagenesis of residues involved in control of the Ca²⁺ entry pathway and conformational changes associated with Ca²⁺ binding in the SR Ca²⁺-ATPase', New York Academy of Sciences. Annals, vol. 986, pp. 72-81.

Volynski, KE, Capogna, M, Ashton, AC, Thomson, D, Orlova, EV, Manser, CF, Ribchester, RR & Ushkaryov, YA 2003, 'Mutant alpha-latrotoxin (LTXN4C) does not form pores and causes secretion by receptor stimulation: this action does not require neurexins', Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 278, no. 33, pp. 31058-66. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M210395200

Clausen, JD 2003, 'Mutational analysis of Ca²⁺ - and nucleotide-binding, catalytic function, and intramolecular communication of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase'.

Clausen, JD & Andersen, JP 2003, 'Mutational analysis of Lys²⁵² and its interaction with loop 6-7 in the SR-Ca²⁺-ATPase', New York Academy of Sciences. Annals, vol. 986, pp. 335-337.

Wind, T , Jensen, JK , Dupont, DM, Kulig, P & Andreasen, PA 2003, 'Mutational analysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Interactions of a-helix F and its neighbouring structural elements regulates the activity and the rate of latency transition', FEBS journal, vol. 270, pp. 1680-1688.

Olsen, C, Silber, J, Eiberl, H, Ernst, E, Petersen, K, Lindenberg, S & Tommerup, N 2003, 'Mutational analysis of the human FATE gene in 144 infertile men', Hum. Genetics, vol. 113, pp. 195-201.

Bahrami, S, Jespersen, T, Pedersen, FS & Duch, M 2003, 'Mutational library analysis of selected amino acids in the receptor binding domain of envelope of Akv murine leukaemia virus by conditionallv replication competent bi-cistronic retroviral vectors', Gene, vol. 315, pp. 51-61.

Olpin, SE, Afifi, A, Clark, S, Manning, NJ, Bonham, JR, Dalton, A, Leonard, JV, Land, JM, Andresen, BS, Morris, AA, Muntoni, F, Turnbull, D, Pourfarzam, M, Rahman, S & Pollitt, RJ 2003, 'Mutation and biochemical analysis in carnitine palmitoyltransferase type II (CPT II) deficiency', J. Inherit. Metab. Dis, vol. 6, no. 26, pp. 543-557.

Moury, B, Morel, C, Johansen, IE, Guilbaud, L, Souche, S, Jaquemond, M & Marchoux, G 2003, Mutations in the virus protein genome linked (VPg) and Potato virus Y (PVY) determine virulence towards recessive resistances in pepper and in Lycopersicon hirsutum. in Proc. 1st. Joint conference of the international working groups on legume viruses and gevetable viruses. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, no. 1, vol. 110, pp. 87-88, Joint conference of the international working groups on legume viruses and gevetable viruses, Bonn, Germany, 18/12/2010.

Menke, C, Waiblinger, S, Studnitz, M & Bestman, M 2003, Mutilations in organic animal husbandry: Dilemmas involving animal welfare, humans, and environmental protection. in Animal health and welfare in organic agriculture (Vaarst, M., Roderick, S., Lund, V. & Lockeretz, W., eds.), CABI Publishing, CAB International, Wallingford, UK (ISBN 0-85199-668-X), Chapter. vol. 8, pp. 163-188.

Svenstrup, HF, Fedder, J, Abraham-Peskir, J, Birkelund, S & Christiansen, G 2003, 'Mycoplasma genitalium attaches to human spermatozoa', Human Reproduction, vol. 18, pp. 2103-2109.

Toft-Nielsen, C 2003, '"My family's always been in meat"', 16:9, vol. September 2003 1. årgang, no. 3. <http://www.16-9.dk/2003-09/side10_chainsaw.htm>

Bonderup, G 2003, 'Myndighederne og Dr. Dampe', Historie, vol. 1, no. 2003,1, pp. 1-49.

Mæng, M , Kristiansen, SB , Mortensen, U & Andersen, HR 2003, 'Myocardial cooling for reperfusion injury protection achieved by organ specific hypothermic autologous perfusion', Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 297-303.

Oldgren, J, Wallentin, L, Grip, L, Linder, R, Nørgaard, BL & Siegbahn, A 2003, 'Myocardial damage, inflammation and thrombin inhibition in unstable coronary artery disease', European Heart Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 86-93.

Kaltoft, A 2003, 'Myocardial Perfusion Following Primary PCI for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Assessment with 99m Tc-Sestamibi SPECT', Aarhus.

Nissen, PM 2003, 'Myogenesis in the pig: Possible connections between maternal feeding, and the myogenesis, postnatal growth and meat quality of the offspring'.

Jeppesen, P, Aalkjær, C & Bek, T 2003, 'Myogenic response in isolated porcine retinal arterioles', Current Eye Research, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 217-222.

Schjødt, JP & Ross, MC (ed.) 2003, Myths as Sources for Rituals - Theoretical and Practical Implications. in Old Norse Myths. Syddansk Universitetsforlag, Odense, pp. 261-278.

Dalsgaard, T, Canfield, DE, Petersen, J, Thamdrup, B & Acuña-González, J 2003, 'N2 production by the anammox reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica', Nature, vol. 422, pp. 606-608.

Hansen, TV & Grant, R 2003, Næringsstofbalancer på udvalgte bedrifter i Landovervågningen. Faglig rapport fra DMU, vol. 441, Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, Aarhus Universitet. <http://www.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR441.pdf>

Kristensen, NB, Misciattelli, L & Danfær, AC 2003, Næringsstoffernes absorption og tilgængelighed for de perifere væv: Kvægets ernæring og fysiologi. Bind 1 - Næringsstofomsætning og fodervurdering, DJF rapport Husdyrbrug 53. Aarhus University.

Hoffmann, CC , Ovesen, NB, Hald, AB (ed.), Hoffmann, CC (ed.) & Nielsen, L (ed.) 2003, Næringsstofomsætning og -tab ved ekstensiv afgræsning på lavbundsarealerne ved Fussingø. in DJF rapport. Danmarks Jordbrugsforskning, DJF rapport, markbrug, vol. 91, pp. 85-101. <http://www.agrsci.dk/djfpublikation/djfpdf/djfma91.pdf>

Carstens, P, Jensen, HJL (ed.) & Holt, EK (ed.) 2003, Næsten nærværende. Forholdet mellem teologi og ikonologi - åbne spørgsmål om den kontekstorienterede læsning. in Mellem tekster: Festskrift til Kirsten Nielsen. Forlaget Anis, København, pp. 87-115.

Dideriksen, KO & Sørensen, HK 2003, 'Næste nyhed i sortimentet - hvor skal idéerne komme fra?', Gartner Tidende, vol. 119, no. 34, pp. 25.

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