Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Mangner, N, Beske, RP, Hassager, C, Jensen, LO, Eiskjær, H, Linke, A, Polzin, A, Schulze, PC, Skurk, C, Nordbeck, P, Clemmensen, P, Panoulas, V, Zimmer, S, Schäfer, A, Werner, N, Engstrøm, T, Holmvang, L, Lønborg, JT, Udesen, NLJ, Schmidt, H, Junker, A, Terkelsen, CJ, Schrage, B, Woitek, FJ, Møller, JE & DanGer Shock investigators 2026, 'Sex-Specific Microaxial Flow Pump Use and Outcomes in Infarct-Related Cardiogenic Shock in the DanGer Shock Trial', Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 704-719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.09.019

Bekalu, ZE , Hanak, T & Brinch-Pedersen, H 2026, 'S genes for disease resistance in wheat using Arabidopsis as a model', Current Plant Biology, vol. 46, 100597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpb.2026.100597

Jensen, M, Thiel, S, Hansen, SWK, Palarasah, Y, Svenningsen, P & Jensen, BL 2026, 'SGLT-2 inhibitors attenuate pattern recognition molecules collectin kidney 1 and mannose-binding lectin in kidney and liver in mice with diabetes', American journal of physiology. Renal physiology, vol. 330, no. 1, pp. F17-F31. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00184.2025

Jensen, SK , Heide-Jørgensen, U , Andersen, IT , Bonnesen, K, Fu, EL, Thomsen, RW & Christiansen, CF 2026, 'SGLT2 Inhibitors vs GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Kidney Outcomes in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes', JAMA Internal Medicine, vol. 186, no. 3, pp. 353-361. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.7409

Stefanidi, E, Silva, LM, Cagiltay, B, Min, A, Eriksson, E & Hayes, GR 2026, Shaping HCI Research for Children's Care Ecosystem Involvement. in CHI EA '26: Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the 2026 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/3772363.3778689

Bundgaard, AM, Mosgaard, MA, Huulgaard, RD, Nors, B , Nielsen, S & Haase, LM 2026, Shaping Minimum Requirements for Green Public Procurement in the Ecodesign Regulation: Danish Lessons from Existing Policies. in CEIC proceedings (Circular Economy - Interdisciplinary Conference 2026).

Miao, Q, Ahmad, J & Villadsen, AR 2026, 'Shaping the Crisis Management-Public Administration Nexus: A Systematic Review and Future Research Agenda', Review of Policy Research, vol. 43, no. 2, e70039. https://doi.org/10.1111/ropr.70039

Lambert, M & Degn, L 2026, 'Shaping the Field: A Review of the Use of Theory in Research on Research Integrity', Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 32, no. 2, 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-026-00587-y

Kjær, LB & Lassen, S 2026, 'Shaping Tomorrow’s Healthcare Professionals: A Study on Undergraduate Medical Educational Leaders’ Role in a Danish Context', Teaching and Learning in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2026.2631506

Kiel Ørom, AS & Musaeus, P 2026, 'Shared decision-making in medical education: A systematic review', Danish Medical Journal, vol. 73, no. 4, A04250257, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.61409/A04250257

Schou, LK , Kristensen, AW , Steffensen, JH, Guren, MG, Poulsen, LØ, Spindler, KLG & Skovhus Kronborg, CJ 2026, 'Shared decision-making in radiotherapy for rectal cancer: A systematic review', Technical Innovations and Patient Support in Radiation Oncology, vol. 37, 100384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tipsro.2026.100384

Schick, LA, Kovacs, KM, Lydersen, C, Rohner, S, Prenger-Berninghoff, E, Heydel, C, Ewers, C, Postel, A, Gremmel, N, Becher, P, Strube, C & Siebert, U 2026, 'Sharing Is Caring? Pathogens and Pathogen-Specific Antibodies in Arctic Endemic Seal Species and the Newly Sympatric Harbor Seals in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard', Marine Mammal Science, vol. 42, no. 2, e70143. https://doi.org/10.1111/mms.70143

Nørgaard, BL & Fairbairn, T 2026, 'Sharper Images, Clearer Physiology? What Photon-Counting CT Adds to CT-FFR', JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2026.03.003

Matsumoto, N, Fujino, M, Sekinea , H, Yoshidaa , E, Watson, LA, Isham, AE & Barzykowski, K 2026, 'Shinshu mindful study: can mindfulness training change the retrieval mode of autobiographical memory?', Memory, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 414-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2026.2628213#abstract

Pol-Fuster, J, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Kuja-Halkola, R, de Schipper, E, Lichtenstein, P, Chang, Z, Brikell, I, M. D’Onofrio, B, Larsson, H, Rück, C, Brander, G, Beucke, JC, Valdimarsdóttir, UA & Mataix-Cols, D 2026, 'Short- and long-term incidence of obsessive–compulsive disorder after objectively recorded potentially traumatic events', Nature Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44220-026-00639-z

Faergeman, SL , Andreasen, L , Becher, N , Christiansen, M , Gravholt, CH , Jensen, UB , Jensen, JMB , Larsen, OH , Markholt, S , Sandgaard, KS , Vang, S & Lildballe, DL 2026, 'Short-read genome sequencing at population scale: diagnostic insights from 2317 patients', European Journal of Human Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-026-02089-8

Akortey, W, Oppong Danso, E, Dietzen, C, Amponsah, W, Arthur, E, Boadi Mensah, BK, Obour, PB, Nyasapoh, JBA, Darko, DA, Dorvlo, SY, Sabi, EB, Abenney-Mickson, S & Rosing, MT 2026, 'Short-term effects of Greenlandic glacial rock flour on soil physical properties and maize yield', Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, vol. 132, no. 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-025-10452-2

Schmidt, MM, Kjær, S, Bulut, O, Nørager, CB , Tøttrup, A , Harsløf, S & Pachler, FR 2026, 'Short-term Surgical Outcomes After Transanal Restorative Proctocolectomy With Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: A Comparison of Close Rectal Dissection And Modified Total Mesorectal Excision', Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCR.0000000000004193

Shen, X, Ming, S, Wu, W, Xie, D, Yao, H, Vishnupriya, V, Zhang, H, Da, C & Zhang, G 2026, 'Short-term time series predictions of greenhouse gas emission from dairy houses based on diverse machine learning models', Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 247, 111699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2026.111699

Schourup-Kristensen, V , Larsen, J, Vonnahme, TR, Krawczyk, D & Maar, M 2026, 'Shrimp larvae transport in a changing climate: Coupling ocean dynamics and biological timing in Disko Bay though modeling', Ocean Sciences Meeting 2026, Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 22/02/2026 - 27/02/2026.

Ahlqvist, VH, Lee, BK & Chiu, Y-H 2026, 'Sibling Comparisons to Account for Confounding in Observational Studies', JAMA, vol. 335, no. 7, pp. 626-627. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2025.22234

Devantier, M, Neergaard, MA, Olsen, M, Wahlberg, A & Larsen, HB 2026, 'Siblings of Children With Cancer and Their Challenges Across Everyday Life Contexts: A Two-Phase Qualitative Study in Denmark', Journal of Clinical Nursing, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 1418-1432. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.70106

Lassen, S & Lassesen, B 2026, 'Silent synchronisers: a systematic review of the role of educational non-managerial mid-level leaders in higher education', International Journal of Educational Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-11-2024-0676

Shahzadi, Z , Simonsen, U , Alan Albayrak, E , Comerma Steffensen, SG , Albayrak, G , Al Dalawi, M , Mogensen, S & Zaka Ansari, W 2026, 'Simple Sequence Repeat Marker as a Guided Genetic Approach to Increase Car- diovascular Health-Promoting Withanolides from Withania somnifera (L.) Du- nal: A Review', journal of applied botany and green economy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-24.

Greschuk, LT, Ogle, S, Locatelli, JL, Gurung, RB, Schiebelbein, BE, Signor, D, Tonucci, RG, Frazão, LA & Cherubin, MR 2026, 'Simulating climate change impacts on soil carbon storage in agroecosystems from Brazilian drylands', Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 398, 128462, pp. 128462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.128462

Schram, AL , Bonne, NL , Henriksen, TB, Hertel, NT, Petersen, PG, Bjerrum, MC, Paulsen, L, Hulgaard, M, Rutkjaer, C, Hesselberg, C, Vandborg, PK , Thim, SB , Kaae, R & Lindhard, MS 2026, 'Simulation-based team training and patient safety culture: A controlled multi-site study in pediatric departments', Clinical Simulation in Nursing, vol. 114, 101936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2026.101936

Schram, AL 2026, 'Simulation Process, Outcomes, and What I Failed to See', Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 139-140. https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0000000000000912

Zou, YB, Zheng, AC, Yin, CQ, Du, L, Daasbjerg, K & Hu, XM 2026, 'Simultaneous CO₂ Capture and Conversion From Flue Gas Using Bicarbonate Electrolysis Over a Nickel Single-Atom Catalyst', Small, vol. 22, no. 4, e09800. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202509800

Chen, R, Luo, Y, Wang, H, Tian, Y, Xie, Z , Wang, H, Jiang, Z, Wang, A, Yan, K & Wei, Z 2026, 'Single-atom Fe engineered-PANI/AC/MXene composite flow electrode for sustainable water desalination and electroplating wastewater treatment', Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 528, 172302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.172302

Yasin, G, Tabish, M, Ajmal, S, Zhuo, Q, Mushtaq, MA, Saad, A, Alam, MM & Song, H 2026, 'Single atom horizons for shaping the future of catalysis and sustainability: the next frontiers in energy conversion and storage', Progress in Materials Science, vol. 155, 101525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101525

Sørensen, EF, Arvé, C, Gronlund, JK , Melsvik, D , Pold, JA , Knudsen, M , Thorsen, K , Aggerholm, A & Ommen, HB 2026, 'Single-Cell Multi-Omics Identifies Measurable Residual Disease Targets Among Myelodysplasia- and Clonal Hematopoiesis-Related Genes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia', Cancers, vol. 18, no. 5, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18050787

Loft, A, Rydbirk, R, Klinggaard, EG, Van Hauwaert, EL, Wernberg, CW, Møller, AF, Dam, TV, Hassan, MN, Maniyadath, B, Nielsen, R, Krag, A, Kalucka, J, Schmidt, SF, Lauridsen, MEM, Madsen, JGS & Mandrup, S 2026, 'Single-cell-resolved transcriptional dynamics of human subcutaneous adipose tissue during lifestyle- and bariatric surgery-induced weight loss', Nature Metabolism, vol. 8, pp. 260–278. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-025-01433-4

Shi, T, Shan, H, Wang, H, Guo, X, Li, H, Han, B, Zhu, S, Wang, F, Tan, G, Niyazbekova, Z, Ren, J, Zhou, Y, Zhang, Q, Zheng, W, Jia, M, Zhang, A, Cao, X, Sun, H, Sun, D, Fang, L, Zheng, Y, Wang, X & Jiang, Y 2026, 'Single-Cell Transcriptomic Atlases of Camels and Cattle Unravel Molecular Evolution of Digestive and Metabolic Systems', Advanced Science, vol. 13, no. 20, e19346. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202519346

Grothen, JER, Martinez, JM, Sidiropoulos, N, Massier, L, Zareifi, D, Zhong, J, Davidsen, I, Platou, JW, Mandelbaum, J, Rothe, P, Hvid, H, Grønborg, M, Madsen, CT, Bruun, JM, Rydén, M, Mejhert, N, Helge, JW, Gerhart-Hines, Z & Pedersen, T 2026, 'Single cell transcriptomics of human weight loss links adipocyte NPY1R to control of lipolysis', Molecular Metabolism, vol. 105, 102305, pp. 102305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102305

Yildiz, U, Lobato-Moreno, S, Claringbould, A, Bauersachs, HG, Servaas, NH, Vlachou, EP, Arnold, C, Campos-Fornés, V, Prummel, KD, Zaugg, JB, Noh, KM & Marttinen, M 2026, 'Single-cell ultra-high-throughput multiplexed chromatin accessibility and gene expression sequencing (SUM-seq)', Nature Protocols. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-025-01310-0

Burmeister, M 2026, 'Single-molecule kinetics from superresolved colocalization microscopy', PhD, Aarhus University.

Tsang, E , Lund, LM , Birkedal, V & Gothelf, KV 2026, 'Single-Molecule Nucleic Acid Detection with a Reconfigurable Rotating DNA Origami Nanodevice', ACS Nano, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 4607-4616. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5c22080

Salimi, M , Dantan, AR & Pedersen, HB 2026 'Single-run determination of the saturation vapor pressure and enthalpy of sublimation/vaporization of a substance undergoing successive solid-solid and solid-liquid phase transitions: the case of N-methyl acetamide'.

Niebuhr, O & Hejná, M 2026, Sip, speak, and sound: effects of beverage temperature on acoustic voice quality - physiological or psychological? in Proceedings of the 32nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration (ICSV32).

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