Exosomes

Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin secreted by most cell types in vitro. Cells continuously secrete a large number of microvesicles, exosomes and small molecules into the extracellular space. Exosomes have been shown to contain mRNA and miRNA and they are able to mediate communication between cells, by transport of RNA and proteins which can be functionalized in the recipient cell. The ability to transport bioactive cargoes, gives exosomes innate therapeutic potential as a natural drug carrier. Efficient techniques for loading drugs into exosomes to utilize the natural carrier capabilities of these vesicles remains to be elucidated.

Applications of Exosomes

The presence exosomes in blood, saliva, and urine paves the way for the possible application of exosomes as a diagnostic marker for diseases. Many diseases are difficult to detect by the methods and equipment available today and there is a growing demand for development of new non‐invasive methods to detect diseases in early stages. The use of exosomes as markers of disease is being investigated to cement their potential as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of many diseases, in particular cancers. This, however, relies on thorough characterisation of exosomes in both healthy and diseased states

An important factor to understanding the roles of exosomes is knowledge of their biodistribution. Currently, the number of publications describing the biodistribution of exosomes is limited. The main reason being the lack of a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo. Mapping the specific cell type derived exosomes can increase our knowledge on the roles of exosomes in the organism, as well as help to identify natural targeting systems.

Isolation, Characterisation and Fluorescent Labelling

The most common isolation protocol uses a differential centrifugation to fractionate cells, microvesicles, and exosomes, which are pelleted by ultracentrifugation. After vesicles are secreted from cells into the extracellular environment, it difficult to separate the different subpopulations of vesicles to obtain a pure sample. We have developed methods to optimise isolation and thorough characterisation procedures to obtain pure and well-characterised exosomes. Furthermore, we have developed a simple method for labelling of exosomes with a robust fluorescent label that can be visualised in vivo, allowing investigation of the biodistribution of different cell derived exosomes.

Collaborators:

Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark

Dan Peer, Department of Cell Research & Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Israel

Moein Moghimi, school of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health, Durham University, UK

Recent Publications

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Nair, N, Pillai, A, Rizzoli, R, Falcao, BP, Summonte, C, Pereira, RN, Nylandsted Larsen, A , Balling, P & Ram, S 2025, 'Assessment of the Light-trapping Potential of Nanowrinkle Textures for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance', Optical Materials, vol. 164, 117026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2025.117026

Orzeszek, S, Martynowicz, H, Smardz, J, Kresse-Walczak, KJ, Wojakowska, A, Bombała, W, Bort, M & Wieckiewicz, M 2025, 'Assessment of the relationship between sleep bruxism, reported pain and headache, selected health factors, and general health conditions among temporomandibular disorder patient: A preliminary report', Dental and Medical Problems, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 393-399. https://doi.org/10.17219/dmp/192824

Hong, D, Heo, SB, Gim, JS, Nam, M, Kim, DK, Joo, GJ, Jeppesen, E & Jo, H 2025, 'Assessment of the role of estuarine barrage operational management in enhancing glass eel (Anguilla japonica) migration in a closed estuary', Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 220, 118442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.118442

Bentzen, A , Jørgensen, SL , Mortensen, L , Mechlenburg, I & Foldager, F 2025, 'Assessment of Unilateral Lower Limb Muscle Power: Are Unilateral Functional Tests Correlated with Nottingham Power Rig in Healthy Adults?', International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 344-353. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.129458

Wechselberger, V, Hrad, M, Bühler, M, Kupper, T, Spangl, B, Fredenslund, AM, Huber-Humer, M & Scheutz, C 2025, 'Assessment of whole-site methane emissions from anaerobic digestion plants: Towards establishing emission factors for various plant configurations', Waste Management, vol. 191, pp. 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2024.11.021

Kamperis, K & Jørgensen, CS 2025, Assessments of Elimination Disorders in Children and Adolescents. in L Fung (ed.), Pediatric Psychopharmacology Textbook.

Zhou, Q, Chacon, A, Pan, J & Johal, W 2025, Assisting MoCap-Based Teleoperation of Robot Arm Using Augmented Reality Visualisations. in HRI 2025 - Proceedings of the 2025 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. IEEE Computer Society Press, Melbourne, pp. 1765-1769, 20th Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, HRI 2025, Melbourne, Australia, 04/03/2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/HRI61500.2025.10974111

Møller, AE, Bech-Drewes, A, Rasmussen, L, Friis, S & Schmidt, M 2025, 'Associating regulatory actions on diclofenac use with Danish trends in utilization by route of administration 1999–2023', Pharmacotherapy, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1002/phar.4643

Pajaniaye, JB , Alsing, P , Stisen, MG , Horváth-Puhó, E, Gademan, MGJ, Pedersen, AB & Mechlenburg, IM 2025, 'Association between body mass index and return to work following primary knee arthroplasty: a population-based cohort study on 6,128 patients from Danish national registers', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 529-536. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.44253

Pol-Fuster, J, Fernández de la Cruz, L, Isomura, K, Sidorchuk, A, Kuja-Halkola, R, Lichtenstein, P, D’Onofrio, BM, Brikell, I, Larsson, H, de Schipper, E, Beucke, JC & Mataix-Cols, D 2025, 'Association between bullying victimization and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a population-based, genetically informative study', Molecular Psychiatry, vol. 30, no. 6, 442, pp. 2457-2462. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02849-2

Frausing, MHJP, Rienstra, M, Kronborg, MB, De Melis, M, Schotten, U, Nielsen, JC, Tieleman, R, Crijns, HJ, Van Gelder, IC & Samuel, M 2025, 'Association between circulating biomarkers and atrial fibrillation burden in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a subanalysis of the RACE V study', Open Heart, vol. 12, no. 2, e003433. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2025-003433

Trullenque-Eriksson, A, Bitencourt, FV, Tomasi, C, Berglundh, T & Derks, J 2025, 'Association Between Diabetes and Peri-Implantitis: Evidence From a Swedish Register-Based Study', Journal of Clinical Periodontology, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 1650-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.70023

Tudorache, YM , Andersen, IT , Hjelholt, TJ, Kristensen, MT, Sheehan, KJ & Pedersen, AB 2025, 'Association between early mobilization after hip fracture surgery and risk of long-term opioid therapy', European Geriatric Medicine, vol. 16, no. 3, e1863, pp. 921-931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01227-7

Røssell, E-L , Plana-Ripoll, O , Josiasen, M , Hansen, KE , Bech, BH & Rytter, D 2025, 'Association between endometriosis and working life among Danish women', Human Reproduction, vol. 40, no. 3, deae298, pp. 461-468. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deae298

Kleber, B, Sitges, C, Brattico, E , Vuust, P & Zamorano, AM 2025, 'Association Between Interoceptive Accuracy and Pain Perception: Insights From Trained Musicians and Athletes', European journal of pain (London, England), vol. 29, no. 5, e70012, pp. e70012. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.70012

Mayntz, SP, Mohamed, RA, Mejldal, A, Møller, JJK, Lindholt, JS, Diederichsen, ACP, Frohn, LM , Brandt, J , Ketzel, M , Khan, J & Lambrechtsen, J 2025, 'Association between long-term fine particulate matter exposure and incident type 2 diabetes in a low-exposure Danish cohort: An AIRCARD analysis', Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, vol. 19, no. 8, 103298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2025.103298

Solmunde, E , Pedersen, RN , Nørgaard, M, Mellemkjær, L, Friis, S, Ejlertsen, B, Ahern, TP & Cronin-Fenton, DP 2025, 'Association between low-dose aspirin use and breast cancer recurrence: a Danish nationwide cohort study with up to 23 years of follow-up', British Journal of Cancer, vol. 133, no. 6, pp. 865-873. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41416-025-03112-3

Hansen, PN, Mohammed, AA, Markvardsen, LK , Andersen, H , Tankisi, H, Sindrup, SH & Krøigård, T 2025, 'Association Between MScanFit Motor Unit Number Estimation and Clinical Function and Response to Immunoglobulin Therapy in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy', Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System, vol. 30, no. 1, e70001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.70001

Brandt, IAG, Vestergaard, P, Harsløf, T, Juhl, CB, Rasmussen, NHH & Frost, M 2025, 'Association between Muscle Status and Bone Size, Density, and Strength in Type 1 Diabetes: A Cross-sectional Study', Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 110, no. 12, pp. e4011-e4022. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaf245

Frydenlund, J, Valentin, JB, Vinter, N, Cordsen, P, Norredam, M, Riahi, S, Kragholm, KH, Bøggild, H, Frost, L & Johnsen, SP 2025, 'Association between new-onset atrial fibrillation and adverse clinical outcomes by country of origin: A matched nationwide cohort study', Journal of Migration and Health, vol. 11, 100306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmh.2025.100306

Zhou, M, Larsson, H, D’Onofrio, BM, Landén, M, Kuja-Halkola, R, Chang, Z, Brikell, I, Lichtenstein, P & Pettersson, E 2025, 'Association between parental psychiatric conditions and offspring psychiatric, behavioral, and psychosocial outcomes: A Swedish population-based children-of-monozygotic twins study', PLOS Medicine, vol. 22, no. 10 , e1004784. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004784

Koo, CY, Collet, C, Ikeda, K, Munhoz, D, Bouisset, F, Sonck, J, Shinke, T, Ando, H, Ko, B, Christiansen, EH, Engstrøm, T, Rivero, F, Leone, AM, Biscaglia, S, Yong, A, Eftekhari, A, Fournier, S, Nakayama, M, van Nunen, LX, Desta, L, Wilgenhof, A, Berry, C, Perera, D, Johnson, N, De Bruyne, B, Matsuo, H & Mizukami, T 2025, 'Association between pathophysiological coronary artery disease patterns and perivascular adipose tissue density', Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine, vol. 81, pp. 130-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carrev.2025.05.026

Edwards, NM, Jensen, HAR & Pedersen, AB 2025, 'Association between perceived stress and the risk of continued opioid use after total hip arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis: a Danish registry-based study of 1,727 individuals', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 740-746. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.44759

Pedersen, MV , Lindhard, MS, Moster, D, Lie, RT & Henriksen, TB 2025, 'Association between perinatal hypoxia - assessed by umbilical cord blood pH and Apgar score - and ADHD'.

Arslani, K, Engstrøm, T, Maeng, M, Kjøller-Hansen, L, Maehara, A, Zhou, Z, Ben-Yehuda, O, Bøtker, HE, Matsumura, M, Mintz, GS, Fröbert, O, Persson, J, Wiseth, R, Larsen, AI, Jensen, LO, Nordrehaug, JE, Bleie, Ø, Omerovic, E, Held, C, James, SK, Ali, ZA, Erlinge, D & Stone, GW 2025, 'Association Between Physiological Significance and Vulnerable Plaque Characteristics in Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Prospect II Substudy', JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 696-706. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.11.002

Bäckman, J, Wallert, J, Halvorsen, MW, Roelstraete, B, de Schipper, E, Strom, NI, Eide, TO, Höffler, KD, Mattheisen, M, Hansen, B, Kvale, G, Hagen, K, Haavik, J, Mataix-Cols, D, Rück, C, Nordic OCD and Related Disorders Consortium (NORDiC) & Crowley, JJ 2025, 'Association Between Polygenic Risk and Symptom Severity Change After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder', American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, vol. 198, no. 5, e33026. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.33026

Markant, A, Tabrizi, F, Grönvall, H, Speed, D & Åhs, F 2025, 'Association Between Polygenic Risk Scores and Treatment Response to Antidepressants, Benzodiazepines, and Antihistamines in Anxiety and Depression', Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science, vol. 5, no. 3, 100470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsgos.2025.100470

Pedersen, AB , Edwards, NM, Gademan, MGJ, Mechlenburg, I, Jensen, HAR & Sørensen, HT 2025, 'Association between preoperative self-rated health and opioid use 12 months after total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: a cohort study using Danish National Health Survey Data', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 708-715. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.44758

Alsing, P , Hauge, EM , Pedersen, SD & de Thurah, A 2025, 'Association between socioeconomic status and patient delay in rheumatoid arthritis: linking self-reported and national registry data', Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2025.10.001

Pedersen, OB, Rasmussen, LD , Nissen, L , Ejlersen, JA , Mortensen, J , Gormsen, LC, Eftekhari, A, Westra, J , Christiansen, EH, Mark, DB, Bøttcher, M, Douglas, PS & Winther, S 2025, 'Association between symptom characteristics and disease severity in patients suspected of coronary artery disease', Journal of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2025.01.004

Kirchheiner, K, Zaharie, A, Smet, S, Spampinato, S, Chargari, C, Haie-Meder, C, Mahantshetty, U, Šegedin, B, Bruheim, K, Rai, B, Cooper, R, Van der Steen-Banasik, E, Wiebe, E, Pötter, R, Sturdza, A, Schmid, MP, Tanderup, K, De Leeuw, A, Jürgenliemk-Schulz, IM, Nout, RA & EMBRACE Collaborative Group 2025, 'Association Between the Regular Use of Vaginal Dilators and/or Sexual Activity and Vaginal Morbidity in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Survivors: An EMBRACE-I Study Report', International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.09.011

Fagerhaug, MN, Rosenkrantz, O, Bach, V & Steinmetz, J 2025, 'Association Between Time to Admission and Mortality in Physician-Led Medical Evacuations in Greenland', Air Medical Journal, vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 465-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amj.2025.06.021

Prætorius, T, Fredslund, EK, Torp, DC & Sandbæk, A 2025, 'Association between video consultation use and general practitioner and practice characteristics: a cross-sectional survey in Denmark', BJGP Open, vol. 9, no. 3, BJGPO.2024.0228. https://doi.org/10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0228

Komulainen, K, Niemi, R, Gutvilig, M, Momen, NC, Böckerman, P, Elovainio, M, Plana-Ripoll, O & Hakulinen, C 2025, 'Association of a child's mental disorder with parental income and employment: analysis of nationwide register-based cohorts in Finland and Denmark', BMJ Mental Health, vol. 28, no. 1, 301701. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjment-2025-301701

Scalamogna, M, Simonetti, F, Coughlan, JJ, Ortega-Paz, L, Räber, L, Jensen, LO, Maeng, M, Brugaletta, S, Kufner, S, Bär, S, Laugwitz, K-L, Heg, D, Sabaté, M, Windecker, S, Olesen, KKW, Kastrati, A & Cassese, S 2025, 'Association of Body Mass Index on 10-Year Outcomes in Patients Treated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Drug-Eluting Stents (the DECADE Cooperation)', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf753

Shi, F, Chowdhury, R, Sofianopoulou, E, Koulman, A, Sun, L, Steur, M, Aleksandrova, K, Dahm, CC, Schulze, MB, van der Schouw, YT, Agnoli, C, Amiano, P, Boer, JMA, Bork, CS, Cabrera-Castro, N, Eichelmann, F, Elbaz, A, Farràs, M, Heath, AK, Kaaks, R, Katzke, V, Keski-Rahkonen, P, Masala, G, Moreno-Iribas, C, Panico, S, Papier, K, Petrova, D, Quirós, JR, Ricceri, F, Severi, G, Tjønneland, A, Tong, TYN, Tumino, R, Wareham, N, Weiderpass, E, Di Angelantonio, E, Forouhi, N, Danesh, J, Butterworth, AS & Kaptoge, S 2025, 'Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: Analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis', European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 233-246. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315

Daugaard, N, Bladbjerg, EMM, Lundsgaard Svane, HM, Thomsen, RW, Nielsen, JS, Palarasah, Y, de Maat, MPM & Münster, AMB 2025, 'Association of fibrinogen α_E, fibrinogen γ', and sialylated fibrinogen with development of ischemic stroke in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes', Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 2213-2225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtha.2025.03.023

Ben Abdallah, H , Bregnhøj, A , Emmanuel, T , Bertelsen, T, Dudink, K, van Straalen, KR, Kubacz, M, Ghatnekar, G, Prens, EP, Iversen, L & Johansen, C 2025, 'Association of inflammatory skin biomarkers with clinical response in RGRN-305-treated patients with hidradenitis suppurativa', Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, vol. 39, no. 8, pp. e685-e688. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.20468

Khalid, N, Aqeel, M, Lee, SY, Ejaz, U, Noman, A, Maqsood, MF, Irshad, MK & El-Sheikh, MA 2025, 'Association of microplastics with lead and cadmium in soil: Land-use and temporal trends', Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 13, no. 4, 117067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.117067

Thomsen, AK, Steffensen, MA, Gotfredsen, K, Vorum, H, Honoré, B, Nissen, MH & Sørensen, TL 2025, 'Association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil activation with treatment response in neovascular AMD', AJO International, vol. 2, no. 3, 100155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoint.2025.100155

Jørgensen, CC, Lindberg-Larsen, M, Gromov, K, Varnum, C, Bider, MJ, Overgaard, S, Andersen, MR, Hansen, TB & Kehlet, H 2025, 'Association of non-anaemic iron deficiency with postoperative outcomes after fast-track hip and knee arthroplasty: a prospective cohort study', British Journal of Anaesthesia, vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 322-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2025.03.039

Atil, GU , Bouché, O , Jones, NC , Hoffmann, SV & Corredig, M 2025, 'Association of phospholipids with pea globulins: effect on structure and foaming properties', Food Chemistry, vol. 496, no. Part 3, 146782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.146782

Bastiani, O, Dardani, C, Burrows, K, Christensen, JH & Joinson, C 2025 'Association of Polygenic Risk Scores for Neurodevelopmental Traits and Psychiatric Conditions with Incontinence and Constipation in Children and Young People' medRxiv . https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.11.29.24318188

Kornvig, S, Kehlet, H, Jørgensen, CC, Fink-Jensen, A, Videbech, P, Pedersen, AB & Varnum, C 2025, 'Association of preoperative psychopharmacological treatment and the risk of new chronic opioid use after hip and knee arthroplasty: a Danish registry-based cohort study of 73,033 procedures', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 492-498. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.44228

Allerup, JAC, Naassan, S, Ali, Z, Ko, JM, Thomsen, K & Thomsen, SF 2025, 'Association of Short-Term Wildfire Air Pollution Exposure and Health Care Usage: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Patients With Psoriasis From the Bay Area, United States', JEADV Clinical Practice, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1130-1134. https://doi.org/10.1002/jvc2.70082

Anneberg, M, Troelsen, A, Gundtoft, P & Pedersen, AB 2025, 'Association of socioeconomic inequality and risk of periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty: a Danish cohort study of 75,141 cases', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 371-379. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.43678

Alsing, P , Pajaniaye, JB , Stisen, MG, Overgaard, S, Horváth-Puhó, E , Mechlenburg, I & Pedersen, AB 2025, 'Association of socioeconomic status on return to work following primary total hip arthroplasty: a Danish population-based cohort study on 9,431 patients from 2008–2018', Acta Orthopaedica, vol. 96, pp. 243-249. https://doi.org/10.2340/17453674.2025.43189

Skovbo, JS, Obel, LM, Diederichsen, ACP, Steffensen, FH, Frost, L, Lambrechtsen, J, Busk, M, Urbonaviciene, G, Egstrup, K, Dahl, M, Karon, M, Rasmussen, LM, Hallas, J & Lindholt, JS 2025, 'Association of Statin Treatment and Dose With the Clinical Course of Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Men: A 5-Year Prospective Cohort Study From 2 Population-Based Screening Trials', Circulation, vol. 152, no. 6, pp. 384-396. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.125.074544

Gramkow, AM, Thiesson, HC, Möller, S, Nørgaard, M , Koefoed-Nielsen, P & Berg, R 2025, 'Association of Torque Teno Virus With Corticosteroids, Rejection, and Infection in Adult and Pediatric Kidney Transplant Recipients', Journal of Medical Virology, vol. 97, no. 12, e70743. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.70743

Geurts, F, Gritter, M, Bovée, DM, Wouda, RD, Vogt, L, Chaker, L, Fenton, RA & Hoorn, EJ 2025, 'Association of Urinary PGE2 with Plasma Potassium in Patients with CKD and the General Population', Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 996-999. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.0000000653

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Lise Refstrup Linnebjerg Pedersen